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Pitman Shorthand New Course New Era Edition

Pitman Shorthand New Course New Era EditionDistinctive Features of Pitman ShorthandIt is a phonetic system, meaning words are generally written as they are sounded, not according to ordinary longhand spelling.It was devised by Isaac Pitman after a study of the phonetic structure of the English language.Consonants are represented by simple strokes chosen for facile joining. Consonants are paired, with the light sound (unvoiced) represented by a light stroke and the corresponding heavy sound (voiced) by a heavier stroke.Speed and facility are achieved through a coherent and comprehensive scheme where each individual sound has its sign.Speed is attained by substantially eliminating vowel signs, though disjoined vowel signs are provided for insertion where needed.Position Writing is an effective device for indicating vowels, where a word is written above, on, or through the line according to its first vowel sound.Stenographic abbreviating material (circles, loops, hooks, halving, and doubling) is used for the representation of syllables, reducing the amount of actual writing to a minimum.Shorthand Alphabet ComponentsThe Pitman Shorthand Alphabet consists of:Twenty-four ConsonantsTwelve VowelsFour Diphthongs (i, oi, ow, and u)Key Abbreviating Devices IntroducedS Circle (and Z): A small circle used at the beginning, middle, or end of a word.St and Str Loops: A small loop for st and a large final loop for ster.Ses Circle: A large final circle representing ses or sez.Sw Circle: A large initial circle representing sw.Halving: Halving a stroke indicates a following t or d.Double Consonants: Small initial hooks are used for the Pl series (pl, bl, etc.) and the Pr series (pr, br, etc.). Hooks are also used on curves for double consonants like fr, thr, and fl, vl.N and F/V Hooks: A small final hook on the inside of curves (or right motion on straight strokes) adds n; a small final hook with a left motion on straight strokes adds f or v.

English Shorthand Book

shorthand-books.pdf appears to be a compilation of English Shorthand Highspeed 150 wpm passages from the TNGTE examinations spanning 2009 to 2020, published by Sri Meenaksi Pathipagam.Book Details and Publisher Information:Title: ESH-1 (150) English Shorthand Highspeed 150 wpm.Content: TNGTE 2009 to 2020 (With full outline, AND Phrases).Publisher: Sri Meenaksi Pathipagam, Publishers in Typewriting, Shorthand and COA Books.Highspeed 150 wpm Examination Paper Structure (English Shorthand):PaperDictation TimeTranscription/Condensation TimeTaskMaximum MarksNoteI PaperFive minutesOne hour and fifteen minutesTranscription into longhand verbatim10010 marks reserved for shorthand performance. Handwriting must be legible and sufficient space left between lines.II PaperFive minutesOne hour and fifteen minutesCondense the passage into a cogent précis in longhand, not exceeding 250 words, using indirect form of speech and the past tense.1005 marks reserved for shorthand performance. Candidates should use the reporting style of phonography. Handwriting must be legible and sufficient space left between lines.General Instructions to the Superintendent for Dictation (Both Papers):The passage is dictated once only, loudly and distinctly, with no repetition of words, phrases, or punctuation marks.The dictation speed is 150 words per minute.The reader must adhere strictly to the speed, noting the time at every quarter minute.The reader must first read through the passage and adjust to the required speed with a watch that has a second-hand.Shorthand and longhand performances are to be fastened together at the end of the allowed time.

Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key

Pitman Shorthand Instructor and Key, a complete exposition of Sir Isaac Pitman's system of shorthand.Key Principles of Pitman Shorthand:Phonetic System: The system, originally named "Phonography," is based on representing spoken sounds by characters; words are written as they are pronounced, not according to ordinary spelling.Alphabet: It uses simple geometrical forms—the straight line and shallow curve—to represent the consonant sounds. The Pitmanic alphabet comprehends the thirty-six broad typical sounds of the English language.Characters:Consonants: The first sixteen consonants form pairs with the same articulation but light and heavy sounds (e.g., p and b). The light sound is represented by a thin stroke, and the heavy sound by the same stroke written thick. Consonants are classified as Explodents, Continuants, Nasals, Liquids, Coalescents, and the Aspirate.Vowels: There are six simple long vowels (represented by a heavy dot or dash) and six corresponding short vowels (represented by a light dot or dash).Vowel Placement and Position:Vowel signs are placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a stroke, corresponding to first-, second-, and third-place vowels.Vowels are read before a downstroke/upstroke if on the left, and after if on the right. With horizontal strokes, they are read before if placed above, and after if placed below.The first sounded vowel in a word determines the position of the outline: first position (above the line) for first-place vowels, second position (on the line) for second-place vowels, and third position (through the line) for third-place vowels.Abbreviating Devices and Additional Forms:Grammalogues/Logograms: Frequently occurring words are represented by a single sign.Phraseography: The writing of two or more words together without lifting the pen, resulting in a phraseogram.Tick the: The word the is expressed by a light slanting tick joined to a preceding character.Circles and Loops: A small circle represents S or Z (initially S only); a large initial circle represents SW; a small loop represents ST; and a large loop represents STR (medially or finally).Hooks: Small initial hooks add R or L to straight strokes (Right motion for R, Left motion for L); small final hooks add N (Right motion) or F/V (Left motion) to straight strokes.

Science Technology

This document is a table of contents and partial notes for the Prelims Navigator Program Science & Technology by SARRTHI IAS, preparing for the UPSC Prelims 2026.Key Topics Covered (Table of Contents):Cell Biology - Basics (Page 01-05): Includes the cell as the basic unit of life, Cell Theory, R.H. Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification, Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells, cell organelles (Mitochondria, Chloroplast), and the Endosymbiotic Theory. It also mentions the recent discovery of the Nitroplast, a nitrogen fixation organelle in Braarudosphaera bigelowii.Genetic Material - DNA & RNA (Page 05-07): Covers DNA structure (Double Helix, Nucleotides, Purines & Pyrimidines), DNA packaging (Chromatin → Chromosome), RNA, and the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.Cell Cycle, Division & Reproduction (Page 08-11): Details Chromosomes and Ploidy, Mitosis, Meiosis, Fertilization (In Vivo & In Vitro), Zygote Formation, the Hayflick Limit, and Three-Parent Baby Technology for Mitochondrial Diseases.Genetics (Page 11-14): Covers Genome vs. Gene, Transcription, Translation, Mutations, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), and the Genetic Code.Biotechnology (Page 16-28): Discusses principles like Recombinant DNA Technology, Genetic Modification, Applications (GM Crops, Blue/Red/Environmental Biotechnology, DNA Barcoding, DNA Fingerprinting), Gene Therapy, CRISPR-Cas9, Gene Drive Technology, and Animal Cloning. The 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine for microRNA Discovery is also noted.Immunity (Page 29-30): Explains Innate and Acquired Immunity, T-Cells, B-Cells, Active and Passive Immunity, and Autoimmunity.Viruses (Page 31-34): Covers the basics, structure, and replication of viruses (including DNA, RNA, and Retrovirus) as well as Viroids and Prions.Vaccinations (Page 34-42): Differentiates Active & Passive Vaccination, classifies vaccine types (Inactivated, Live Attenuated, Sub-unit, Nucleic Acid, mRNA, DNA, etc.), and lists COVID-19 and other important vaccines in India.Advanced Topics: Includes CART-T Cell Therapy, Genome Editing Techniques (Zinc Finger Nuclease, TALENS), Gene Doping, Stem Cell Therapy, Therapeutic Cloning, Organ-on-Chip Technology, Xenotransplantation, Human Genome Project, and various Indian Initiatives.

CDS Physics Digital Book

Units and MeasurementsPhysical Quantity: A measurable property expressed as a value, e.g., mass, length, time.Fundamental Quantities: Independent quantities like Length (meter), Mass (kilogram), Time (second), Electric current (ampere), Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin), Amount of substance (mole), and Luminous intensity (candela).Supplementary Quantities: Dimensionless units used with base units to form derived units, such as Plane angle (Radian) and Solid angle (Steradian).Derived Quantities: Dependent quantities from a combination of fundamental quantities.MotionScalar Quantity: Has magnitude but no direction, e.g., mass, length, speed, time.Vector Quantity: Has both magnitude and direction, e.g., displacement, velocity, acceleration, force.Distance: The total path length traveled, a scalar quantity that is always positive.Displacement: The shortest distance between start and end points, a vector quantity that can be positive, negative, or zero.Speed (S): Distance (d) / Time (t); SI unit is m/s and is a scalar quantity that can never be negative.Velocity (v): Displacement (s) / Time (t); SI unit is m/s and is a vector quantity that can be zero, negative, or positive.Acceleration (a): Rate of change of velocity over time. Force and Newton's LawsForce: An external effort that can change an object's state of motion, rest, or shape. It is a vector quantity, with the SI Unit being Newton (N).Newton's First Law (Inertia): A body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless an external force acts on it.Newton's Second Law: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied unbalanced force (F=ma).Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.GravitationGravitation: The force of attraction between any two bodies. Acceleration due to gravity (g): g = 9.8m/s^{2} on Earth. The value of 'g' is highest on the poles and lowest on the equator.

NDA Physics Digital Notes

A comprehensive overview of fundamental physics concepts, including units and measurements, motion, forces, gravitation, sound, light, electricity, magnetism, and modern physics.Key Concepts from the Document:Units and Measurements:Physical quantities are measurable properties. Examples include mass, length, and time.Fundamental Quantities are independent (e.g., Length in meters (m), Mass in kilograms (kg)).Derived Quantities are combinations of fundamental quantities (e.g., Density, Velocity, Force).The SI System is based on seven basic units and two supplementary units.Dimensional Analysis relates physical quantities using their dimensions.Motion:Scalar quantities have magnitude only (e.g., mass, speed, time).Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement, velocity, force).Speed is distance traveled per unit time and is a scalar quantity.Velocity is the rate of change of position/displacement and is a vector quantity.Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. Retardation is negative acceleration.Force and Laws of Motion:Force is an external effort that can change an object's state of motion, rest, or shape. It is a vector quantity, with the SI unit Newton (N).Newton's First Law (Inertia): A body maintains its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.Newton's Second Law: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied unbalanced force (F=ma).Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.Impulse is the measure of a large force acting for a short time to change momentum.Gravitation:Gravitation is the force of attraction between any two bodies.Newton's Law of Gravitation: F=G/({m_1 m_2}{r^2}).Acceleration due to gravity (g) on Earth is 9.8 m/s^2.Escape velocity (V_e) is the minimum velocity to escape Earth's gravitational pull.Light:Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a polished surface.Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another.Refractive Index ($n) is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a medium (n=c/v).Total Internal Reflection (TIR) occurs when the angle of incidence in a denser medium is greater than the critical angle, causing the ray to reflect back into the denser medium.Electricity and Magnetism:Electric Current is the rate of flow of charge (I=q/t), measured in Ampere (A).Ohm's Law: The ratio of potential difference to current is constant, called resistance (V=IR).Magnetic Field is the area where a magnetic effect can be felt, measured in Tesla (T).Fleming's Left Hand Rule determines the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

Adda Yearbook 2026

The Adda247 Yearbook 2026 covers various national and international current affairs from late 2025.Key Events and Reports:56th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) 2025, Goa:The festival's Country of Focus was Japan, Partner Country was Spain, and Spotlight Country was Australia.The Opening Film was The Blue Trail (Brazil) and the Closing Film was A Useful Ghost (Thailand).Rajinikanth received the Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award and the Golden Peacock Best Feature Film was Skin of Youth (Vietnam).Russian President Vladimir Putin's Visit to India (Dec 2025):The visit was for the 23rd India-Russia Annual Summit.Both nations adopted the Programme 2030 for Strategic Economic Cooperation, targeting $100 billion bilateral trade by 2030.Russia formally joined the International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA).RBI's 5th Bi-monthly Monetary Policy (Dec 2025):The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) cut the policy repo rate to 5.25% and maintained a 'Neutral' stance.The real GDP growth for FY26 was projected at 7.3%, and the CPI inflation outlook was revised to 2.0%.ISSF World Cup Final 2025, Doha, Qatar:China ranked 1st with 9 medals; India ranked 2nd and the USA 3rd, both with 6 medals.Indian shooters Simranpreet Kaur and Suruchi Singh won gold medals.National Handicrafts & Shilp Guru Awards 2023-24:Presented by President Droupadi Murmu, a total of 48 awards were conferred.Shilp Guru Awardees for 2024 included Kamlesh Sharma (Wood Craft) from Rajasthan and Mohammad Dilshad (Wood Carving) from Uttar Pradesh.Passport Index 2025 (Arton Capital):UAE retained the top spot (MS 179).India's Global Rank was 67th with a Mobility Score of 74.World Inequality Report 2026:The top 10% of India's population earn 58% of the total national income, and the top 1% hold about 40% of national wealth.20th Session of UNESCO ICH Committee (Dec 2025):Held for the first time in India at the Red Fort, New Delhi.Deepavali (Diwali) was added to UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.India Skills Report 2026:India's overall employability rose to 56.35%.For the first time in five years, women's employability (54%) surpassed that of men (51.5%).Top employable states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.QS World University Sustainability Rankings 2026:Lund University (Sweden) ranked 1st, displacing the University of Toronto.103 Indian universities featured, giving India the fourth-highest representation.

Biology

The document covers various topics in biology, including the cell, tissues, life processes, and classification of living organisms.The Cell:Definition and Discovery: The cell is the building block, fundamental, and structural or functional basis of life. Cell study is called cytology. Robert Hooke first discovered the cell in 1665 by observing cork, a dead cell with a honeycomb shape. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered free-living cells in water (1674), and Robert Brown discovered the nucleus (1831).Cell Theory: The cell theory states that all plants and animals are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life. It was given by Schleiden and Schwann (1838), with Virchow later adding that new cells are formed from pre-existing cells.Cell Parts:Cell Membrane: Thin, elastic, flexible, living, outermost covering, selectively permeable, and composed of proteins and lipids.Cell Wall: Only present in plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is non-living, freely permeable, determines shape, is made of cellulose, and provides strength and turgidity.Nucleus: Centrally located, large in size, the largest cell structure, and the "Brain of the cell". It was discovered by Robert Brown.Life Processes:Life Process Components: The four components of the life process are Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion.Human Digestion: Salivary amylase breaks complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates in the mouth. In the stomach, HCl kills bacteria and creates an acidic medium (pH 1.6), and Pepsin breaks protein into amino acids. Major digestion occurs in the small intestine, which is the longest part of the alimentary canal.Classification of Life:5 Kingdoms: Robert Whittaker proposed the 5 kingdoms classification in 1969. The kingdoms are Monera (prokaryotic, unicellular), Protista (eukaryotic, unicellular), Fungi (multicellular except yeast, cell wall made of chitin), Plantae (multicellular, eukaryotes, cell wall present), and Animalia (multicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall absent, heterotrophic).Animal Phyla: The document mentions 9 phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom.

Physics Revision Book for Competitive Exams

A physics revision book covering important facts, formulas, and one-liners for competitive exams.Topics Covered in the Index:Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 4)Basic Mathematics used in Physics (p. 5-10)Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm, Components and Dividends Theorem, Algebraic Expressions, Arithmetic Progression, Geometrical Progression, Trigonometry, Trigonometric Identities, Sine Rule, Cosine Rule, Integration and Differentiation Formulae, Maxima & Minima, Average of a varying quantity, Formulae for determination of area and volume.General Physics (Mechanics) (p. 11-125), which includes Units, Dimensions and Measurements, and Scalars and Vectors.Fundamental Physical Constants and Values (Selected Examples):Speed of light (C): 3 X 10^8 m/sPlanck's constant (h): 6.63 X 10^-34 JsGravitation constant (G): 6.67 10^-11 m³kg⁻¹s⁻²Charge of electron (e): 1.602 X 10^-19 CMass of electron (m_e): 9.1 X 10^-31 kgUnits, Dimensions, and Measurement:Physical Quantity: Represented by magnitude and unit, which are inversely proportional.Types: Ratio (no unit), Scalar (magnitude only, e.g., Work, Energy), and Vector (magnitude and direction, e.g., Displacement, Velocity).S.I. System: Contains seven fundamental units (Kilogram, Meter, Second, Kelvin, Candela, Ampere, Mole) and two supplementary units (Radian and Steradian).Dimension: The powers to which fundamental quantities must be raised to express a physical quantity.Dimensional Analysis Applications: Converting units, checking the correctness of relations, and deriving relationships between quantities.Scalar and Vectors:Vectors include Force, Displacement, and Acceleration.Dot (Scalar) ProductCross (Vector) ProductVector Calculus (Del Operator):Del Operator Gradient (phi): Defines a vector field from a scalar field.Divergence (cdot V): A scalar result.Curl (times V): A vector result.Integral Calculus: Line, Surface, and Volume integrals are discussed.Theorems: Fundamental Theorem of Gradient, Gauss Divergence Theorem (closed surfaces), and Stokes' Theorem (open surfaces) are included.

6th Class English Textbook

A textbook for Class VI in English, titled Honeysuckle and A Pact with the Sun, distributed by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Key components and content include:Constitutional Information: The Preamble and Fundamental Duties of the Constitution of India are included. The Fundamental Duties are taken from Part IV A (Article 51 A) of the Constitution of India.Publication Details:The book is the Textbook for Class VI.The first edition was in February 2006.A revised edition was released in January 2023.It is published by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and the State Council of Educational Research & Training, Andhra Pradesh.Rationalization of content was undertaken due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the National Education Policy 2020.Units and Content (Units 1-3):Unit 1: "Who Did Patrick's Homework?" and the poem "A House, A Home".Unit 2: "How the Dog Found Himself a New Master!" and the poem "The Kite".Unit 3: "Taro's Reward" and the poem "The Quarrel".Upcoming Units (Units 4-8):Unit 4: "An Indian - American Woman in Space: Kalpana Chawla" and the poem "Beauty".Unit 5: "A Different Kind of School" and the poem "Where Do All the Teachers Go?".Unit 6: "Who I Am" and the poem "The Wonderful Words".Unit 7: "Fair Play" and the poem "Vocation".Unit 8: "The Banyan Tree".Notes for the Teacher: These sections offer pedagogical guidance, such as focusing on meaning over form, encouraging group work, promoting reading habits, and strategies for teaching poems and specific lessons.

6th Class Mathematics - Semester 2

A Mathematics textbook for Class VI, Semester 2.Publication InformationTitle: MATHEMATICS / TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS VI / Semester - 2.Published by: Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.Copyright Holder: The Commissioner of School Education, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.First Published: 2023.Printed in: India at the A.P. Govt. Text Book Press, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.Textbook Content and PhilosophyThe National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends linking children's school life to their life outside of school, departing from rote, bookish learning.The textbook attempts to foster creativity and initiative by treating children as participants in learning.The content was rationalised due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the National Education Policy 2020, to reduce content load and provide opportunities for experiential learning.Rationalisation was based on overlap with other subjects or classes, difficulty level, accessibility for self-learning, and present-day relevance.Table of Contents (Selected Chapters)The textbook's contents include:Chapter 7: Fractions (starting on page 3).Chapter 8: Decimals (starting on page 63).Chapter 9: Data Handling (starting on page 81).Chapter 10: Mensuration (starting on page 103).Chapter 11: Algebra (starting on page 135).Chapter 12: Ratio and Proportion (starting on page 151).Answers (starting on page 185).Brain-Teasers (starting on page 199).Fractions: Introduction (Chapter 7)A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole, where the parts must be equal. The whole can be a single object or a group of objects.In the fraction $\frac{5}{12}$, the number '12' is the denominator, representing the number of equal parts the whole is divided into.The number '5' is the numerator, representing the number of equal parts taken out.

6th Class Mathematics - Semester 1

The "MATHEMATICS గణితశాస్త్రం" textbook for Class VI, Semester 1. It is a free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Document Contents (Chapters 1-6):Chapter 1: Knowing Our Numbers (మన సంఖ్యలను తెలుసుకుందాం)Chapter 2: Whole Numbers (పూర్ణాంకాలు)Chapter 3: Playing with Numbers (సంఖ్యలతో ఆడుకుందాం)Chapter 4: Basic Geometrical Ideas (ప్రాథమిక జ్యామితీయ భావనలు)Chapter 5: Understanding Elementary Shapes (ప్రాథమిక జ్యామితీయ పటాల అవగాహన)Chapter 6: Integers (పూర్ణసంఖ్యలు)Answers (జవాబులు) are on page 206.Key Topics in Chapter 1: Knowing Our Numbers (మన సంఖ్యలను తెలుసుకుందాం):Introduction (పరిచయం): Discusses counting things, representing large numbers with numerals, and the historical struggle and progress in the development of Mathematics.Comparing Numbers (సంఖ్యలను పోల్చడం): Includes finding the greatest and smallest numbers, comparing numbers with the same number of digits by looking at higher place values, and arranging numbers in ascending (smallest to greatest) and descending (greatest to smallest) order.Making Numbers: Using given digits without repetition to make the greatest and smallest 4-digit numbers, and making numbers with one digit used twice or with digits fixed at specific places.Introducing Larger Numbers and Place Value (స్థాన విలువను పునఃసమీక్షించడం):Smallest 5-digit number is 10,000 (ten thousand).Smallest 6-digit number is 1,00,000 (one lakh).Smallest 8-digit number is 1,00,00,000 (one crore).Systems of Numeration and Use of Commas:Indian System: Uses ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, lakhs, and crores. Commas mark thousands (after 3 digits from right), lakhs (after 5 digits), and crores (after 7 digits).International System: Uses ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, and millions. Commas are placed after every three digits from the right. 1 million = a thousand thousands. 1 billion = 1000 million.Large Numbers in Practice: Mentions units of length: millimetre (mm), centimetre (cm), metre, and kilometre (km).

6th Class Hindi Textbook

The Hindi textbook, Lahar 6: Dvitiya Bhasha Hindi Kaksha - 6 ki Pathyapustak, for the second language Hindi for Class 6, published by the State Council of Educational Research & Training, Andhra Pradesh. It is for free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Key details include:Publisher: Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.First Published: 2020.New Impressions: 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024.Copyright Holder: The Commissioner of School Education, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.Source of Content: The book's composition is based on the suggestions of NEP 2019.Content Structure: The textbook has 9 lessons, divided into four units.The textbook's curriculum is divided into two semesters:Semester-1 (Units I & II):Unit I (June-July): Includes readiness activities like 'Pathshala mein Pahla Din' (Picture Reading), 'Chal Mere Ghode' (Balgeet), 'Rasoi Ghar' (Picture Reading), 'Aaloo-Kachaloo' (Balgeet), 'Pyasa Kauaa' (Picture Story), 'Dohay' (Poetry), 'Saanp aur Cheentiyan' (Picture Story), 'Khatte Angoor' (Picture Story), 'Sher aur Chuha' (Picture Story), and various 'Maukhik Khel' (Oral Games).Unit II (August-October): Includes 'Barish' (Balgeet), 'Titli' (Balgeet), 'Oonth Chala' (Balgeet), and 'Mera Desh Mahaan Hai' (Balgeet).Semester-2 (Units III & IV):Unit III (October-December): Includes 'Meri Bahna' (Balgeet), 'Khilaunewala' (Balgeet), and 'Tarkari Darbaar' (Balgeet).Unit IV (January-February): Includes 'Do Mitra' (Story) and 'Janam Din' (Dialogue).

6th Class Telugu Textbook

The "తెలుగుబాట 6 తెలుగు వాచకం" (Telugu Baata 6 Telugu Reader), a 6th-grade Telugu textbook published by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. It was first published in 2020, with new impressions in 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024.Key components and content include:Front Matter:The Constitution of India's Preamble and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).The National Song ("Vande Mataram"), written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.The State Song ("Maa Telugu Talli"), written by Shankaramabaadi Sundarachari.The National Anthem ("Jana Gana Mana"), written by Rabindranath Tagore.The Pledge, written by Paidimarri Venkata Subbarao.Learners' Outcomes expected from the textbook.Table of Contents (విషయసూచిక): The book contains 12 lessons and a final revision chapter.Lesson 1: అమ్మఒడి (Amma Odi), a poem with the theme of mother's love, by B.V. Narasimha Rao.Lesson 2: తృప్తి (Trupti), a short story with the theme of human values, by Satyam Shankaramanchi.Lesson 3: మాకొద్దీ తెల్లదొరతనం (Maakoddi Tella Doratanam), a poem with the theme of patriotism, by Garimella Satyanarayana.Pedagogical Guidance:Instructions for Teachers (ఉపాధ్యాయులకు సూచనలు): Includes guidelines on conducting an initial assessment, teaching Samsiddhata Pathaalu (preparatory lessons), encouraging independent work, and using the Unmukhikaranachitralu (orientation pictures).Instructions for Students (విద్యార్థులకు సూచనలు): Advises students to read fluently, write on their own, question and discuss topics, and avoid using guides or study materials for assessments.

7th Class Hindi Textbook

A Hindi textbook titled 'Lahar-2' for the second language Hindi class of 7th grade, published by the State Council of Educational Research & Training, Andhra Pradesh. It is for free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Publication Details:Title: लहर - 2 द्वितीय भाषा हिंदी कक्षा-7 की पाठ्य-पुस्तक (Lahar - 2 Second Language Hindi Class-7 Textbook).Publisher: Andhra Pradesh Government.First Published: 2020.New Impressions: 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024.Copyright Holder: The Commissioner of School Education, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.Curriculum Structure (Semesters 1 and 2):The textbook is divided into two semesters.Semester-1 (June to October):ज्ञान हम को दीजिए (कविता - Poem) - July.होशियार कौआ (चित्र-कथा - Picture Story) - July.आदिवासी नृत्य - धिंसा (जीवन की घटना - Life Event) - August.हम नन्हें बच्चे (कविता - Poem) - August.ईमानदारी का फल (कहानी - Story) - September.पत्र लेखन (पत्र - Letter) - October.Semester-2 (November to March):कोयल (कविता - Poem) - November.आओ हिन्दी सीखें (संवाद - Dialogue) - December.साहसी बालक की वाणी का मंत्र (कहानी - Story) - December. डापल्ली की यात्रा (यात्रा वर्णन - Travelogue) - January. कबीर (कविता - Poem) - February सफलता (कहानी - Story) - March.Educational Guidelines:The textbook includes necessary changes as per the suggestions of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.It focuses on developing competencies in students according to the expected language skills.It includes practice for listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, along with language components, creativity, and grammar.The book aims to motivate children to learn the language and encourages the use of the library.For the students, Hindi language instruction starts from the 6th grade according to the Trilingual Formula (त्रिभाषा सूत्र).

7th Class English Supplementary Textbook

The English Textbook and Supplementary Reader for Class VII, titled HONEYCOMB & AN ALIEN HAND. It is a free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Key Information:Publisher: National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT), Andhra Pradesh.Textbook Title: HONEYCOMB.First Edition: February 2007.Revised Edition: January 2023.ISBN: 81-7450-676-4.Development: The content was rationalized to reduce load on students, aligning with the National Education Policy 2020 and considering the COVID-19 pandemic.Table of Contents (Units 1-3):The first three units and their accompanying poems are:Unit 1: Three Questions and The Squirrel.Unit 2: A Gift of Chappals and The Rebel.Unit 3: Gopal and the Hilsa Fish and The Shed.Constitutional Elements:The document includes the Preamble and the Fundamental Duties from the Constitution of India.National Anthem: Jana-gana-mana was composed in Bangla by Rabindranath Tagore and adopted in its Hindi version as the national anthem on 24 January 1950.Fundamental Duties are outlined in Part IV A (Article 51 A), including the duty to abide by the Constitution, respect its ideals and institutions, and to cherish the noble ideals of the freedom struggle.

7th Class Telugu Textbook

A Telugu reader titled 'Telugu Baata 7' for 7th-grade students (Prathama Bhasha). It was first published in 2021 with new impressions in 2022, 2023, and 2024 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.Key Content & Structure:Front Matter: Includes the pledge ('Pratigna'), the National Anthem ('Jana Gana Mana'), and 'Vande Mataram'.Indian Constitution - Civic Duties: Lists fundamental duties, such as respecting the Constitution, national ideals, the national flag, and national anthem. It also mentions the duty to uphold the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.Right to Education Act: States that free and compulsory elementary education is for all children aged 6 to 14 years and came into effect on April 1, 2010. Key provisions include providing accessible schools, basic facilities, age-appropriate enrollment, and prohibiting physical or mental harassment.Learner Outcomes ('Abhyasana Phalitalu'): Specifies three main learning goals for students:Avagaahana - Pratispandana (Comprehension - Response): Includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing.Vyakteekarana - Srujanatmakata (Expression - Creativity): Focuses on self-writing, creative writing, and appreciation.Bhaashaamshaalu (Language Elements): Covers vocabulary and grammar.Semester 1 Index ('Vishayasoochika'):Lessons: Aksharam (Vachana Kavita), Maayaakambali (Jaanapadakatha), Chinni Shishuvu (Padakavita), Marrichetthu (Swagatam/Sketch), and Padya Parimalam (Shatakam).Upavaachakam (Non-detailed text): Mana Vishishta Utsavaalu (Vyasamu - Essay).Lesson 1: Aksharam: The objective is to convey the importance of letters ('Aksharam') and honor the mother who provides the initial knowledge. The author is Raavinootala Premakishore.Lesson 2: Maayaakambali: A folk tale by Kaluvakolanu Sadaananda. The aim is to foster logical thinking, encourage wonder, and bring about positive behavioral change.Lesson 3: Chinni Shishuvu: A Padakavita (song/poem) by Taallapaaka Annamacharya. The lesson aims to describe Annamayya's imagination of Lord Krishna's childhood.

7th Class Mathematics - Semester 2

A Mathematics textbook for Class VII, Semester 2. It is a free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Key Content (Chapter 8: Rational Numbers):Need for Rational Numbers (అకరణీయ సంఖ్యల అవసరం): The number system is extended from integers to include numbers like frac-3/4, which is neither an integer nor a fractional number, to represent opposite situations involving fractional values, such as distance below sea level.Definition of Rational Numbers (అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు అంటే ఏమిటి?): A rational number is a number that can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q \ne 0. All fractions and integers are rational numbers.p is the numerator (లవము) and q is the denominator (హారము).Equivalent Rational Numbers (సమానమైన అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు): Multiplying or dividing the numerator and denominator by the same non-zero integer yields an equivalent rational number.Positive and Negative Rational Numbers (ధన మరియు ఋణ అకరణీయ సంఖ్యలు):A positive rational number has both numerator and denominator as positive integers or both as negative integers.A negative rational number has the numerator and denominator with opposite signs The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number.Standard Form (ప్రామాణిక రూపం): A rational number is in standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1. To reduce to standard form, divide the numerator and denominator by their HCF.Comparison of Rational Numbers (అకరణీయ సంఖ్యల పోలిక):A negative rational number is always less than a positive rational number.To compare two negative rational numbers, compare them ignoring the negative signs and then reverse the order.Rational Numbers Between Two Rational Numbers: Unlike integers, where the number of integers between two successive integers is 0, there are an unlimited number of rational numbers between any two different rational numbers.

7th Class Mathematics - Semester 1

the Mathematics textbook for Class VII, Semester 1, published by the State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT), Andhra Pradesh. It is a free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Key Topics (Contents):Chapter 1: Integers (Pages 02-39)Chapter 2: Fractions and Decimals (Pages 40-87)Chapter 3: Data Handling (Pages 88-117)Chapter 4: Simple Equations (Pages 118-147)Chapter 5: Lines and Angles (Pages 148-175)Chapter 6: The Triangle and its Properties (Pages 176-215)Chapter 7: Comparing Quantities (Pages 216-247)Properties of Integers Discussed (Chapter 1):Addition and Subtraction of Integers:Closure under Addition: The sum of two integers is always an integer (a + b is an integer).Closure under Subtraction: The difference of two integers is always an integer (a - b is an integer).Commutative Property (Addition): Addition is commutative for integers (a + b = b + a). Subtraction is not commutative for integers.Associative Property (Addition): Addition is associative for integers (a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c).Additive Identity: Zero (0) is the additive identity for integers (a + 0 = a = 0 + a).Multiplication of Integers:The product of a positive and a negative integer is a negative integer.The product of two negative integers is a positive integer.Closure under Multiplication: Integers are closed under multiplication (a × b is an integer).Commutativity of Multiplication: Multiplication is commutative for integers (a × b = b × a).Multiplication by Zero: The product of any integer and zero is zero (a × 0 = 0 × a = 0).Multiplicative Identity: One (1) is the multiplicative identity for integers (a × 1 = 1 × a = a).Associativity for Multiplication: The product of three integers does not depend on the grouping ((a × b) × c = a × (b × c)).Distributive Property: Multiplication distributes over addition and subtraction (a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c and a × (b - c) = a × b - a × c).

7th Class Social Studies - Semester 2

The Social Studies Text Book for Class - VII (Semester - II), published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh. The book was first published in 2021.The textbook is divided into lessons across six themes, with twelve lessons in total. The table of contents for Semester-II includes six lessons:Lesson 1: Mughal Empire (November, Pages 1-15)Lesson 2: Bhakthi - Sufi (December, Pages 16-26)Lesson 3: Indian Constitution - an Introduction (January, Pages 27-41)Lesson 4: State Government (February, Pages 42-55)Lesson 5: Road Safety Education (March, Pages 56-66)Lesson 6: Markets Around Us (April, Pages 67-80)Key Information from the Lessons:Mughal Empire: Babur founded the empire in 1526 C.E. by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat. The rulers covered are Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb. Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system for rank, salary, and military responsibilities. The empire declined after Aurangzeb's death, with Bahadur Shah-II being the last ruler.Bhakti - Sufi: The Bhakti movement reached prominence in the 8th century and spread across India, emphasizing devotion, universal brotherhood, and equality. Notable saints include Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, Madhwacharya, Kabir, Mirabai, and Guru Nanak. Sufism, a socio-religious movement in Islam, emphasized universal love, simplicity, and a single God (Wahdat-ul-Wujud).Indian Constitution: The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into force on January 26, 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and is regarded as the "Father of the Indian Constitution". The Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution and includes Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles of State Policy. The Fundamental Duties were added in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment and were taken from the Russian constitution.State Government: The three organs of the State Government are the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. The Governor is the constitutional head, and the Chief Minister is the actual executive authority. The Legislature, which enacts laws, comprises the Governor, Legislative Assembly, and Legislative Council. The High Court is the highest judicial organ at the state level.

7th Class Social Studies - Semester 1

A Social Studies textbook for Class VII (Semester I), published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh.Textbook Structure and Content (Lessons 1-3): The textbook is divided into lessons with associated months and page numbers:Lesson 1: The Universe and The Earth (June): Pages 1-16. Key concepts include the Universe, the Solar System, Environment, Factors of Pollution, and Disasters. The environment is a basic life support system and a combination of natural and man-made components.Natural Environment Components: Non-Living (Lithosphere/Land, Hydrosphere/Water, Atmosphere/Air) and Living (Biosphere/Animals, Plants).Origin Theories: Big Bang Theory for the Universe; Geocentric Theory (Earth at center) and Heliocentric Theory (Sun at center) for the Solar System.Lesson 2: Forests (July): Pages 17-32. Key concepts cover Climatic Regions, Concept of Forest, Types of Forests, Uses of Forests, Deforestation Issues and Reasons, Social Forestry, and Conservation of Forests.Forest Types (Based on Climate/Rainfall/Soil): Evergreen, Deciduous, Thorny, Mangrove, and Montane forests.Lesson 3: Learning Through Maps (July): Pages 33-47. Key concepts include the Index of a Map (Title, Scale, Symbols, Colours, Patterns, Latitudes & Longitudes) and Types of Maps (Political, Physical, Thematic, Historical).India's Location: India is the seventh largest country in the world, located between northern latitudes of 8°4'-37°6' and eastern longitudes of 68°7'-97°25'.Development Committee:Smt. Vetriselvi. K, IAS, State Project Director, Samagra Siksha.Dr. B. Pratap Reddy, Director, SCERT, A.P..Sri. D. Madhusudhana Rao, Director, Govt. Text Book Press, A.P.

9 months Current Affairs in Telugu

9 months Current Affairs, 2025 in Telugu by Vijitha Competitions

United Nations Organization Related MCQs

United Nations Questions is a multiple-choice quiz about the United Nations Organisation (UNO).Key Information about the UNO:Charter: The United Nations Charter is considered a treaty, according to International Law. It was signed on June 26th, 1945, and its purpose includes saving people from war and promoting collective progress and up gradation.Membership: There were 51 original members in 1945, and currently, there are 193 member countries. Membership is open to all other peace-loving states that accept and are willing to carry out the obligations in the UN Charter.Head Office: The Head Office of the UN is in New York.Principal Organs: The UNO has a total of six principal organs. The World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund are noted as not being principal organs.General Assembly (GA):Its Headquarter is in New York.It consists of all UN Members.Each Member shall have no more than five representatives.The President's term is one year.It meets in regular annual sessions and special sessions as required.Its functions include promoting international co-operation in the political, economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields.The GA can expel a persistently violating member upon the recommendation of the Security Council.Security Council:It consists of fifteen Members.It has five permanent members: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom (The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and the United States. Germany is not a permanent member.It has ten non-permanent members, who serve a term of two years.Its purpose is to maintain international peace and security.Secretariat: It is headed by the UN Secretary-General, whose term is five years.International Court of Justice (ICJ):Its head office is at The Hague (Peace Palace in The Hague, The Netherlands).The term of a judge is nine years.All members of the United Nations are parties to its statute.Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):It has 54 members.Its objectives include high living standards, full employment, and socio-economic progress.It coordinates the work of the UN's specialized agencies.Trusteeship Council: This organ has suspended its operations since 1994.Other Details:The UN has six official languages, but Portuguese is not one of them.UN Day is celebrated every year on October 24th.

United Nations

The United Nations (U.N.) is a global diplomatic and political organization dedicated to international peace and stability, officially established in 1945 with 51 initial member states and now having 193 members, headquartered in New York City.Purpose/Role of the U.N. The purposes of the U.N. include:Maintaining international peace and security and taking collective measures to prevent and remove threats to peace.Developing friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and self-determination.Achieving international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and promoting human rights.Serving as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.U.N. BodiesThe U.N. is made up of several principal organs:General Assembly (GA): The chief policymaking and representative body where all 193 members are represented. It meets annually in September in New York and is headed by a President elected for a one-year tenure. Every member has one vote, and most questions are decided by a simple majority.Security Council (UNSC): Has the primary responsibility of maintaining world peace and security. It consists of 15 member states, five of whom are permanent members (USA, UK, France, Russia, and China). The five permanent members possess Veto Power over any resolution.Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Responsible for coordination, policy dialogue, policy review, and recommendations on social, economic, and environmental issues. It has 54 members elected by the General Assembly, with voting by simple majority.International Court of Justice (ICJ): The chief judicial organ of the U.N. located at The Hague, the Netherlands. It settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on legal questions.Secretariat: Comprises the Secretary-General and thousands of staff, carrying out the U.N.'s daily duties. The Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer, appointed by the GA on the recommendation of the UNSC for a five-year renewable tenure.Trusteeship Council: Established to supervise the 11 Trust Territories; it suspended operations in 1994 as all territories had gained self-government or independence.The Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) is the principal policymaking body in its field, serving as a forum for Member States to negotiate and agree on relevant standards and norms. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) works to contribute to global peace and security, human rights, and development by making the world safer from drugs, crime, corruption, and terrorism.

THE United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. Its purpose is to facilitate the enforcement of international law, security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achievement of world peace.Key Information:Headquarters and Offices: The main headquarters are in New York City, with further main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna.Members: The UN has 193 member countries today.Founding: The name "United Nations" was coined by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The UN officially began on October 24, 1945, after the Charter was ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council.Charter: The UN Charter, signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, is the foundational treaty and contains 19 chapters and 111 articles.Objectives: The UN aims to maintain international peace and security, settle disputes peacefully, develop friendly relations among nations, solve economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems, and promote respect for human rights and support freedom.Structure of the UN: The UN Charter established six principal organs:The General Assembly (UNGA)The Security Council (UNSC)The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)The SecretariatThe International Court of Justice (ICJ)The United Nations Trusteeship Council (currently suspended operation)Key Organs Details:Security Council: Charged with maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members: five veto-wielding permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 elected non-permanent members serving two-year terms.General Assembly: The only organ where all member nations have equal representation. It approves the budget and elects the ten non-permanent members of the Security Council.Languages: The six official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The Secretariat uses English and French as working languages.Funding and Peacekeeping:The UN is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions. The USA donates the highest percentage of the total funds (22%).Peacekeeping forces, known as the Blue Helmets, are voluntarily provided by member states. The peacekeeping force received the Nobel Prize in 1988.India's Involvement: India joined the UN in October 1945, has been selected seven times as a Security Council member, and regularly contributes to peacekeeping and the UN Budget. Vijay Laksmi Pandit was the first woman president of the General Assembly.

The UNO

The United Nations Organization (UNO) was formed after World War II in the search for peace, succeeding the League of Nations, which failed to prevent the Second World War.Establishment and Purpose:Delegates from 50 nations drafted the charter in San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945.The UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.Its purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations, cooperate in solving international problems (economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian), promote human rights, and protect Earth and the Environment.Key Principles:Based on the sovereign equality of all members.Members must fulfill their charter obligations in good faith and settle disputes peacefully.Members must refrain from the threat or use of force against other states.General Information:The permanent headquarters since 1952 is New York.The UN Flag is a white UN emblem on a light blue background.The six official working languages are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.Funding comes primarily from the contributions of member states based on their total national income.Membership is open to all peace-loving nations that accept the charter's obligations.Main Organs (All headquartered in New York, except the ICJ):The General Assembly: The main deliberative organ, like a World Parliament, composed of all member states.The Security Council: Charged with maintaining peace and security, comprises five permanent members (US, Britain, France, Russia, China) with veto power, and ten non-permanent members elected for two years.The Secretariat: Headed by the Secretary-General (currently Antonio Guterres).The Trusteeship Council: Helped countries under foreign rule attain independence (inactive since 1994).The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development.International Court of Justice (ICJ): Headquartered in the Netherlands, it consists of 15 judges and considers legal disputes between nations and provides advisory opinions.Specialized Agencies include: International Labour Organisation (ILO), World Health Organisation (WHO), World Bank, and International Monetary Fund (IMF).

United Nations Organization (UNO)

The United Nations (UN) was formed on October 24, 1945, at San Francisco, USA. Its establishment was driven by the disastrous World War 2, the failure of the League of Nations, the fear of a IIIrd World War, the division of the world into two blocs, and the existence of destructive weapons. The UN Charter was formed and signed at the San Francisco Conference in June 1945 by representatives of 50 nations.Objectives of the U.N. (Article I of the Charter)To maintain international peace and security.To develop friendly relations among nations.To achieve international cooperation.The three new objectives are Disarm, Decolonise, and Develop.Principles of the U.N.To respect the equality of nations.To settle international disputes peacefully.To refrain from using force.Not to interfere in internal matters.Key Facts and MembershipThe Headquarters for all organs is in New York, except the International Court of Justice, which is in The Hague, Netherlands.The six official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.Membership is open to all peace-loving nations who believe in and are ready to accept UN principles.The UN has 193 members.Organs of the UNGeneral Assembly: All UN members are members, with each having one vote. Decisions are made by a 2/3 majority. It can advise on international peace and security.Security Council: The executive body responsible for maintaining Peace and Security. It consists of 15 members: 5 permanent (China, France, UK, USA, and USSR) and 10 non-permanent members elected for 2 years. A 'VETO' is a negative vote by a permanent member.International Court of Justice: The main judicial organ with its headquarter in The Hague. It has 15 judges elected for nine-year terms by the General Assembly and Security Council sitting independently. It settles disputes between nations and advises on legal questions.Other Organs: Secretariat and Economic and Social Council.

AP History

AP History Ramesh Naidu_Notes.pdf," covers the history of Andhra Pradesh, focusing on the advent of Europeans and subsequent events.The advent of EuropeansPortuguese: Alfanso-di-Albuquerque (1509-1515 AD) is considered the founder of the Portuguese power in India, occupying Goa in 1510 with the help of Krishna Deva Raya. Their centers on the West Coast included Goa, Diu, Daman, and Bassein.Dutch East India Company: The Dutch established their trade center at Machilipatnam in 1605 and Pulicat in 1610. Pulicat was their main headquarters until 1690, when it shifted to Nagapatnam. They were defeated by the English in the Battle of Badera in 1759.English East India Company: After receiving permission from Jahangir, the English set up a permanent factory at Surat in 1613. In 1640, Francis Day built Fort St. George in Madras.French East India Company: Founded in 1664, the first factory was set up at Surat in 1668 by Francois Carron. Francois Martin developed the village of Villigonda puram into Puducherry, which became an important center for the French. The French were defeated by Sir Eyre Coote in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760, which was part of the Third Carnatic War.Conflicts and AgreementsCarnatic Wars (Anglo-French Rivalry): There were three Carnatic Wars (1746-48, 1749-54, 1756-63). The First Carnatic War ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), which restored Madras to the English. The Second Carnatic War saw the French gaining Diu, Yanam, and Machilipatnam from Muzaffar Jung. The Third Carnatic War ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763).Anglo-Mysore Wars: There were four Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92, 1799). The first ended with the Treaty of Madras (1769). The second concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784). The third ended with the Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792), where Tipu Sultan had to give up half of his kingdom. Tipu Sultan lost his life in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799.Ceded Districts (Rayalaseema): Under the Subsidiary Alliance System, the districts of Kadapah, Kurnool, Anantpur, and Ballary were given to the English by Nizam and were called the Ceded Districts.Revenue SystemsZamindari System: Introduced in 1802 in Madras State, the demand of the state was permanently fixed.Ryotwari System: Introduced by Thomas Munro in 1802 AD in Rayalaseema. The peasant directly paid tax to the Government.Gramwari/Mahalwari System: In this system, the village was taken as a unit for tax assessment, and the village headman collected and paid the taxes to the government.

Sub-Inspector (SI) Book

A collection of previous papers for the Telangana (TSLPRB) Sub-Inspector (SI) of Police examination, published by Sri Vinoothna Publications. The book contains Prelims and Final Exam papers from 2016 to 2025.Exam Papers Included:Prelims Exam: Papers from 07-08-2022, 26-08-2018, and 17-04-2016.Final Exam: Paper-3 and Paper-4 from 08-04-2023, 21-04-2019, and 19-11-2016.The document also includes a solved preliminary paper from 2022 and a mains paper (Paper-3) from 2023.Syllabus for the TSLPRB SCT SI Civil and/or Equivalent Post:Preliminary Written Test (200 Questions – 200 Marks):Part A: Arithmetic & Test of Reasoning/Mental Ability (100 Questions, Objective Type): Topics include number system, interest, ratio & proportion, average, percentage, profit & loss, time & work, time & distance, clocks & calendars, partnership, menstruation, analogies, similarities, differences, spatial visualization, problem-solving, and decision making.Part B: General Studies (100 Questions, Objective Type): Topics cover General Science, Current Events, History of India (including the National Movement), Geography of India, Indian Polity and Economy, and Telangana Movement and State Formation.Final Written Examination:Paper I: English (Qualifying, Matriculation standard): Includes Objective Type (50 Qs, 25 Marks) on Usage, Vocabulary, Grammar, Comprehension, and Descriptive Type (75 Marks) on Precis, Letters/Reports, Essay, and Topical Paragraphs.Paper II: Telugu/Urdu (Qualifying, Matriculation standard): Structured similarly to Paper I, with Objective Type (50 Qs, 25 Marks) and Descriptive Type (75 Marks).Paper III: Arithmetic & Test of Reasoning/Mental Ability (200 Questions, Objective Type): The syllabus is the same as the Preliminary test but with 200 questions.Paper IV: General Studies (200 Questions, Objective Type): The syllabus is similar to the Preliminary test, but additionally includes a Personality test section on Ethics, Sensitivity to Gender and weaker sections, social awareness, and Emotional Intelligence.

TGPSC GROUP II History, Polity & Society

హిస్టరీ, పాలిటీ & సొసైటీ" (History, Polity & Society), Paper-II, for the TGPSC GROUP-II, III exams, published by Sri Vinoothna Publications. It is a revised and updated edition for the target year 2025.Key Information:Title: Paper-II: History, Polity & Society.Target Exams: TGPSC GROUP-II, III.Content: The document contains "TOP-10 Model Papers" to help candidates practice and gain a comprehensive grip on the subject.Model Paper Structure (Example: Model Paper 1):Subject: Paper-2 History, Polity, Society.Questions: 150.Marks: 150.Time: 150 Minutes.Table of Contents (విషయసూచిక): Includes Model Paper-1 through Model Paper-9, and a Previous Paper-10.Publication Details:Publisher: Sri Vinoothna Publications.Edition: 2025.Address: Ramanthapur, Hyderabad-13.Phone: 97050 82325.Motto: "Practice Makes Man Perfect", "PRACTICE MORE... SUCCESS SURE".Answers: A section with answers for questions 1 to 150 is provided at the end of the document.

200 MCQs of United Nations Organization

a question bank of 200 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) about the United Nations Organization (UNO). The initial questions cover the basics of the UN, its principal organs, and specialized agencies.Key facts repeated in the document are:Establishment: The United Nations was officially established in 1945.Headquarters: The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York.Foundation Document: The UN Charter serves as the foundation of the UN.'Parliament of the World': The General Assembly is called the 'parliament of the world'.UN Security Council: There are 5 permanent members in the UN Security Council.International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague.The document also provides details on several UN specialized agencies:Global Health Issues: The World Health Organization (WHO) deals with global health issues.Labor Standards: The International Labour Organization (ILO) focuses on labor standards.UNESCO Headquarters: UNESCO's headquarters is located in Paris.International Civil Aviation: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) monitors international civil aviation.World Food Security: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is responsible for world food security.

RRB GROUP-D 2026 General Science

a mock paper explanation for the RRB GROUP-D 2026 General Science exam, covering Physics, Biology, and Chemistry. It also advertises various special batches and complete courses for competitive exams.General Science Questions and Answers:Biology:The tissue responsible for the transport of materials away from the root is the Phloem.The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called Pollination.The process by which plants lose water is called Transpiration.In photosynthesis, plants use Light energy and release Oxygen.The full form of RNA is Ribonucleic Acid.The basic unit of life is the Cell.The process used to find the age of a tree is Dendrochronology.Subcutaneous tissue is found beneath human skin.Chemistry:The atomic mass of calcium is 40.Soft drinks contain Carbonic acid.The chemical formula for water is H_2O.The element with atomic number 1 is Hydrogen.Hydrogen and Chlorine are released during the chlor-alkali process.The anomaly in the Modern Periodic Table concerns the position of Hydrogen (H), which can be placed in group 1 or group 17 in the first period.Sodium (Na) has a low density and low melting point.Coal gas (town gas) is commonly used as an illuminating gas.Physics:Joule's law is associated with the heating effect of electric current.Bending of light when it enters a denser medium is known as Refraction.A moving body possesses Kinetic energy.The formula for kinetic energy is 1/2mv^2.The speed of light in a vacuum is 3 x 10^8m/s.Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity.General Knowledge:Mars is known as the Red Planet.

Language: A Modern Perspective

భాష: ఆధునిక దృక్పథం' అనే వ్యాస సంపుటానికి సంబంధించినది.పుస్తక వివరాలు మరియు అంకితంఈ వ్యాససంపుటాన్ని డా॥ పోరంకి దక్షిణామూర్తి రచించారు.తొలి కూర్పు ఆవిష్కరణ సభ నవంబరు 26, 1992 న జరిగింది.ఈ పుస్తకం 'పద్మభూషణ' ఆచార్య మామిడిపూడి వెంకటరంగయ్య గారి జ్ఞాపకార్థం అంకితం ఇవ్వబడింది.తొలి కూర్పును 1992 లో ప్రచురించారు, ఆ తర్వాత నీల్కమల్ పబ్లికేషన్స్ అధినేత శ్రీ సురేశ్ చంద్రశర్మగారు పునర్ముద్రించడానికి పూనుకోగా, రచయిత మరో మూడు వ్యాసాలు చేర్చడంతో ఇది 'పరివర్ధిత ప్రతి' అయింది.రచయితకు గురజాడ అప్పారావుగారి 'మినిట్ ఆఫ్ డిసెంట్' చేతికి చిక్కడం, దాన్ని తెలుగులోకి అనువదించి 1964లో ఆంధ్రప్రభ దినపత్రికలో ధారావాహికగా ప్రచురించడం వ్యావహారిక భాషోద్యమంపై అవగాహనను, నైతిక బలాన్ని పెంచి ఈ వ్యాససంపుటం రాయడానికి ఉత్సాహం కలిగించింది.ప్రధానాంశాలుభాష - ఆధునిక దృక్పథం: పరస్పర భావ వ్యక్తీకరణకు సామాజికులు వాగ్రూపంలో వెలువరించే సంకేతాల నియత నిర్మాణమే భాష. భాషకు వాగ్రూపం మౌలికం.భాషా రకాలు:సామాజికుడు మాట్లాడే వైయక్తిక పద్ధతిని 'ఈడియొలెక్ట్' అంటారు.వైయక్తిక వాగ్వ్యవహార పద్ధతులు కొన్ని కలిసి 'మాండలికం' (డయలెక్ట్) అవుతుంది. మాండలికాలు ప్రాంతాలు, వృత్తులు, వర్ణాలను బట్టి వేరుగా ఉంటాయి.నిత్యజీవితంలో సహజ వాగ్వ్యవహారంగా ఉన్న భాష 'జీవద్భాష' (లివింగ్ లాంగ్వేజ్).మాట్లాడే వ్యక్తుల్లో చివరివాడు కూడా మరణిస్తే అది 'మృతభాష' (డెడ్ లాంగ్వేజ్) అవుతుంది (ఉదా: లాటిన్, సంస్కృతం).వ్యాకరణం: వ్యాకరణం లేని భాష ఉండదు. మాతృభాషావ్యవహర్త మాట్లాడేది అంతా వ్యాకరణానుగుణంగానే ఉంటుంది. ఆధునిక భాషాశాస్త్రవేత్తల ప్రకారం, వ్యవహర్త బుద్ధిగతమైంది కూడా వ్యాకరణమే (అలిఖిత వ్యాకరణం లేదా ఆంతర వ్యాకరణం).శిష్టవ్యావహారిక భాష: గిడుగు రామ్మూర్తి పంతులుగారి చలవవల్ల వచనం వాడుక భాషలోనే ఉండి తీరాలన్న నమ్మకం శాశ్వతంగా స్థిరపడింది. తెలుగులో శిష్టవ్యావహారిక భాషకు ప్రజామోదం ఎప్పుడూ ఉంది.విషయసూచికలోని కొన్ని వ్యాసాలు:భాష : వ్యాకరణం ఆధునిక దృక్పథంకావ్యేతర గ్రంథాల్లో సిసలయిన తెలుగు సంప్రదాయంగ్రాంథిక వ్యావహారిక భాషోద్యమాలుగిడుగు మెమొరాండం : గురజాడ డిసెంట్ పత్రం

MODERN HISTORY MCQ'S

MODERN HISTORY MCQ'S, is a collection of multiple-choice questions on various topics in modern Indian history.Key Events and Dates:Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 15th, 1931.Battle of Goa was fought in 1510.Portuguese Capture of Goa occurred in 1510 AD.The first European fort in India was built in 1503.Vasco-da-Gama discovered the sea route to India.The 'Instrument of Surrender,' ending Portuguese rule in India, was signed on 19th December 1961.The Battle of Swally was fought in 1612.The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764.The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757.East India Company was established in 1600.The Diwani of Bengal was transferred to the East India Company in 1765.The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761.The Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782.Shivaji was crowned as the Chhatrapati in 1674.The Second Anglo-Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore.The First Carnatic War was fought between the English and the French.The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846.The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793.The uprising of 1857 started in Meerut.Sepoy Mutiny effectively ended in the city of Gwalior.Personalities and Organizations:Portuguese built the first European fort in India in 1503.Captain William Hawkins was the first Englishman to appear in the Mughal Court during Jahangir's reign.Hector Munro led the Battle of Buxar on behalf of the British East India Company.Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey.Siraj-ud-Daula signed the Treaty of Alinagar with the British.Baji Rao I was the son of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath.Veer Kunwar Singh led the 1857 Revolt in Bihar.V.D. Savarkar described the Mutiny of 1857 as the First Indian War of Independence.Dadabhai Naoroji was the first person to discuss the poverty line in pre-independent India.Lord Cornwallis introduced the Zamindari Settlement.Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the founder of Arya Samaj and stated, "Back to the Vedas".Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.Madame Blavatsky was the founder of the Theosophical Society.

Historical Empires and Kingdoms Maps

History Maps contains several historical maps of India, depicting various empires, political movements, and trading centers.Historical Empires and Kingdoms:Empire of Harshavardhana: Extended across regions including Thaneswar (Harsha's capital), Kanauj, Prayag, Kashi, and parts of Kalinga and Kamarupa, bordering the Chalukyas and Pallavas to the south.Empire of Guptas: Included areas like Indraprastha, Mathura, Ujjayini, Prayaga, Kashi, and Gaya, with neighboring kingdoms such as the Yaudheyas, Malavas, and Vakatakas.Kushan Empire: Spanned from Peshawar and Taxila to Mathura and Prayaga, encompassing Gandhara and parts of the Indus and Ganges river basins.Mauryan Empire: Featured cities like Taxila, Pataliputra (capital), Ujjain, and Sanchi, and included Ashoka's pillar edicts in places like Delhi-Topra and Rampurva.Kingdom of Shivaji (Marathas): Centered in Maharashtra, with Raigarh as a key location, and encompassing cities like Mumbai, Poona, and Satara.Other Historical Contexts:European Trading Centres: Showed the presence of Portuguese (P), English (E), French (F), Dutch (D), and Danish (DA) centers across the coast and inland, including Surat (E), Goa (P), Chennai (E), and Pondicherry (F).Indian National Congress Sessions (1885-1947): Identified session locations and years, such as Bombay (1885), Calcutta (1886), Madras (1887), Lahore (1893, 1929), and Lucknow (1899, 1916).Indian National Movement (1917-1930): Highlighted locations like Champaran, Kheda, Amritsar, Dandi, and Chauri Chaura.India in 1956: Mapped the states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bombay, and Madras, along with neighboring countries like Pakistan and China.

History Objective Question Bank

An objective-type question bank primarily focusing on Indian History, with a table of contents listing multiple subjects and chapters.Document Contents (Chapters and Question Counts):HISTORY (1348 Questions)Ancient IndiaMedieval IndiaModern IndiaMiscellaneousWORLD HISTORY (169 Questions)History of Asia, Europe, America, Africa & Australia, World War- I & II, MiscellaneousART & CULTURE (162 Questions)Indian History & Culture, Fairs & Festivals, Indian Art, Architecture and Sculpture, Film, Dance, Drama, Music, Radio, MiscellaneousPOLITY & CONSTITUTION (1051 Questions)Evolution & Framing, Preamble, Fundamental Rights & Duties, Union Executive & Legislative, State Executive & Legislative, Constitutional Bodies, Federal & Centre-State Relations, Judiciary, Articles, Schedules & Amendments, MiscellaneousPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (489 Questions)Universe and solar system, Earth landforms and Geomorphology, Atmosphere and Climatology, Hydrosphere and Oceanography, Pedology or Soil Geography and Agriculture, Ecology and Bio-geography, MiscellaneousGEOGRAPHY OF INDIA (852 Questions)Physiography & Geomorphology, Drainage, Irrigation and Rivers, The climate of India, Ecology, Forest and Naturals vegetations, Soil, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Mineral Resources, Industries and Trade, Transportation and ports, Political, Urban & Rural, Regional and Human Geography, States & Union Territories and Population, MiscellaneousWORLD GEOGRAPHY (231 Questions)INDIAN ECONOMY (381 Questions)ECONOMICS (726 Questions)PHYSICS (837 Questions)CHEMISTRY (933 Questions)BIOLOGY (ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, HEALTH), ENVIRONMENT & AGRICULTURE (1486 Questions)COMPUTER & IT (308 Questions)DISCOVERIES & INVENTIONS (132 Questions)SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (120 Questions)HONOURS & AWARDS (196 Questions)BOOKS & AUTHORS (172 Questions)IMPORTANT DECADES, YEARS & DAYS (45 Questions)UNO, OTHER INTERNATIONAL & NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS (166 Questions)SPORTS (277 Questions)NATIONAL EVENTS (104 Questions)INTERNATIONAL EVENTS (65 Questions)MISCELLANEOUS (384 Questions)CENSUS: 2011

A Brief History of Modern Indian

A history of modern India, focusing on the Revolt of 1857 and socio-religious reform movements. The Revolt of 1857The revolt was caused by the cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation, and administrative innovations, which negatively affected rulers, sepoys, zamindars, peasants, and artisans.Causes: Economic (heavy taxation, destruction of handicrafts, land rights forfeited), Political (aggrandizement policies, like 'Doctrine of Lapse,' loss of political prestige), Administrative (rampant corruption, foreign nature of rule), Socio-Religious (racial overtones, missionary activities, interference in customs), and Discontent Among Sepoys (service conditions, low emoluments, greased cartridges).Key Centers and Leaders: Delhi (Bahadur Shah Zafar, General Bakht Khan), Kanpur (Nana Saheb), Lucknow (Begum Hazrat Mahal), Bareilly (Khan Bahadur), Bihar (Kunwar Singh), and Jhansi (Rani Laxmibai, Tantia Tope).Consequences: Company rule was abolished, and direct responsibility for administration was assumed by the British Crown (Queen's Proclamation, 1858). The policy of annexation ended, the army was reorganized, and racial hatred deepened.Socio-Religious Reform Movements: The 19th-century movements were a response to internal weaknesses, religious superstitions, and social ills like the poor position of women and the rigid caste system, compounded by the challenge of colonial culture.Ideological Base: Rationalism, religious universalism, and humanism.Key Reformers/Movements:Raja Rammohan Roy & Brahmo Samaj: Denounced polytheism and idol worship, opposed Sati (leading to its abolition in 1829) and polygamy, and championed women's education.Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Advocated widow remarriage (leading to the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856) and women's education.Swami Vivekananda & Ramakrishna Mission: Emphasized practical Vedanta, religious universalism, and service to man as service to God.Dayanand Saraswati & Arya Samaj: Gave the slogan "Back to the Vedas," criticized Hindu orthodoxy and idolatry, and started the shuddhi movement.Jyotiba Phule & Satyashodhak Samaj: Fought against upper-caste domination and brahminical supremacy.

Modern History of Andhra Pradesh

The provided document is the preface and table of contents of the book, Aadhunika Andhra Pradesh Charitra (Modern History of Andhra Pradesh). It is the Telugu translation of the author C. Raghunath Rao's English work, "The History of Modern Andhra Pradesh".Key details from the text:Book Details:Title: ఆధునిక ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ చరిత్ర (Aadhunika Andhra Pradesh Charitra)Author: సి. రఘునాథరావు (C. Raghunath Rao)Purpose: Written primarily for M.A. students and candidates preparing for various competitive examinations.Edition: This is the fifth edition. The first edition was published in 1990.New Content in Fifth Edition: Three new chapters and a third appendix, which includes a list of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, have been added.Structure/Table of Contents (Selected Chapters):యూరోపియన్ల రాక (Arrival of Europeans)కంపెనీ పాలనలో ఆంధ్రదేశం (Andhra region under Company Rule)ఆంధ్రోద్యమం - ఆవిర్భావం (Andhra Movement - Emergence)ఆంధ్రరాష్ట్ర ఆవిర్భావం (Formation of Andhra State)ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ అవతరణ (Formation of Andhra Pradesh)చంద్రబాబునాయుడు ప్రభుత్వం (Chandrababu Naidu Government)Andhra Pradesh Geographical Overview:Location: The state is the fifth largest in India.Borders: It is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the east, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh to the north, Tamil Nadu to the south, and Karnataka and Maharashtra to the west.Divisions: Geographically, the state is divided into three regions: 1) Circar or Coastal Andhra, 2) Rayalaseema, and 3) Telangana.Historical Context:Andhras are first mentioned in the Aitareya Brahmana, dating back about 1000 BCE.Satavahana Rule: The rule of the Satavahanas, the first ruler being Sri Mukha (221 BCE – 198 BCE), lasted for about 500 years, from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE.

Indian Local Government

భారతదేశంలో పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థ గురించిన ప్రధానాంశాలు, నిర్మాణం, విధులు, మరియు 73వ రాజ్యాంగ సవరణ చట్టంలోని ముఖ్య లక్షణాలను ఈ పత్రం వివరిస్తుంది.పంచాయతీరాజ్ ముఖ్యాంశాలు:మూడంచెల పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థ అమలులో ఉంది: గ్రామ పంచాయతీ, మండల పరిషత్, జిల్లా పరిషత్.గ్రామ స్థాయిలో రిజిస్టర్ ఓటర్లందరూ సభ్యులుగా గ్రామసభ ఏర్పడుతుంది.పంచాయతీరాజ్ సంస్థల పదవీకాలం 5 సంవత్సరాలు.ప్రతి రాష్ట్రంలో ఎన్నికల నిర్వహణకు ఒక ఎన్నికల సంఘాన్ని, ఆర్థిక వ్యవహారాల బేరీజు వేయడానికి ఒక ఆర్థిక సంఘాన్ని ఏర్పాటు చేస్తారు.మహిళలకు అన్ని గ్రామ పంచాయతీలలో 1/3వ వంతు సీట్ల కేటాయింపు ఉంటుంది.పంచాయతీరాజ్ సంస్థలలో సభ్యులు కావడానికి 21 సంవత్సరాలు నిండిన పౌరులకు అర్హత ఉంటుంది.గ్రామ సభ:ఇది ప్రత్యక్ష ప్రజాస్వామ్యానికి నమూనాగా పేర్కొనబడుతుంది మరియు గ్రామ పంచాయతీకి శాసనశాఖ వంటిది.గ్రామ పరిపాలనకు అవసరమైన ప్రణాళికలను రూపొందించే బాధ్యత గ్రామసభకు ఉంది.గ్రామసభ సమావేశం కావడానికి 1/10వ వంతు మేరకు కోరమ్ ఉండాలి.గ్రామ పంచాయతీ:ఇది మూడంచెల పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థలో మొదటి స్థానంలో ఉంటుంది.సాధారణంగా 20,000 జనాభా ఉన్న గ్రామాలకు ఒక గ్రామ పంచాయతీ ఉంటుంది.గ్రామ పంచాయతీ ఎన్నికలలో 18 సంవత్సరాల వయసు నిండిన పౌరులందరు ఓటు వేయడానికి అర్హులు.రాజ్యాంగంలోని 11వ షెడ్యూల్‌లో గ్రామ పంచాయతీ 29 రకాల విధులను నిర్వహించాలని పేర్కొనబడింది.మండల పరిషత్:ఇది గ్రామ పంచాయతీలకు, జిల్లా పరిషత్లకు మధ్య వారధిగా పనిచేస్తుంది.మండల పరిషత్ కార్యనిర్వాహక అధికారిని 'మండల పరిషత్ అభివృద్ధి అధికారి' అంటారు.జిల్లా పరిషత్:ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థలో జిల్లా స్థాయిలో ఇది అత్యున్నతమైన పరిపాలన యంత్రాంగం.జిల్లా పరిషత్లో ఎన్నికైన, పదవీరీత్యా మరియు కోఆప్టడ్ సభ్యులు ఉంటారు.73వ రాజ్యాంగ సవరణ చట్టం - 1992 ముఖ్య లక్షణాలు:ఈ చట్టం ద్వారా రాజ్యాంగంలో నూతనంగా 9వ భాగాన్ని మరియు 11వ షెడ్యూల్ను చేర్చారు.ఇది పంచాయతీరాజ్ సంస్థలకు రాజ్యాంగ హెూదాను కల్పించింది.మూడంచెల పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థ ఏర్పాటుకు వెసులుబాటు కల్పించింది.అన్ని స్థాయిలలోని పంచాయతీ సభ్యులు ప్రజల చేత ప్రత్యక్షంగా ఎన్నుకోబడాలి.ఎస్సీ, ఎస్టీలకు వారి జనాభా నిష్పత్తి ప్రకారం, మహిళలకు మొత్తం స్థానాలలో 1/3వ వంతు రిజర్వేషన్లు కల్పించింది.

Indian History Practice Bits (Ancient)

This document, titled "Indian History Practice Bits (Ancient)," is a collection of practice questions and answers primarily focused on the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization), with some information on the Vedic Age and Buddhist/Jain Councils.Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa)Key Sites and Finds:Mohenjo-daro: Found the idol of Pashupati Mahadev, the Great Bath, the largest granary, the largest assembly hall, an ox seal, and a bronze dancing girl statue. It means 'Mound of the Dead' (Mrutula Dibba). It is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan.Harappa: Known as the 'City of Granaries'. The name 'Indus Civilization' was given after this site.Chanhudaro: The only city without a citadel or protective walls. Found a vanity box and an inkwell. It was the prominent center for the bead industry.Lothal: The main port of the Indus people. It is the world's first tidal port. Evidence of the burial of a couple (male and female bodies together) was found here.Kalibangan: Means 'Black Bangles' (Nallani Gaajulu). The first site in the world to show evidence of a ploughed field.Dholavira: A city divided into 3 parts. It is located in Gujarat.Worship and Religion: The main deity was Pashupati Mahadev. The revered bird was the pigeon (Paavuram), the sacred animal was the humped bull (Vrushabham), and the sacred tree was the Peepal tree (Raavi Chettu).Other Aspects: They used a pictorial script (Bommala Lipi) and the writing method from right to left and left to right is called Boustrofedon/Serpent Script (Sarpalipi). They used baked brick for construction. The civilization was primarily urban (Pattanikarana Naagarikata).Vedic AgeLiterature: The total number of Upanishads is 108. Satyameva Jayate is mentioned in the Mundaka Upanishad.Marriage: Marriage by abduction is Asura, and marriage when the person is asleep is Pishachika.Metals: Copper (Taamram/Raagi) was the first metal used by humans around 3000 BC.Time Period: The early Vedic Age is c. 1500-1000 BC, and the later Vedic Age is c. 1000-600 BC.Buddhist and Jain CouncilsFirst Buddhist Council (483 BC): Held at Rajagriha, presided over by Maha Kashyapa, and patronized by Ajatashatru. Ananda wrote the Sutta Pitaka, and Upali wrote the Vinaya Pitaka.First Jain Council (300 BC): Held at Pataliputra, patronized by Chandragupta Maurya, and presided over by Bhadrabahu and Sthulabhadra. It resulted in the division of Jainism into Digambaras and Shwetambaras.

Modern Telangana History

The provided document is titled "ఆధునిక తెలంగాణ చరిత్ర" (Modern Telangana History), covering the period 1948-2014. It is a Discipline Specific Elective Course-A for the third year, sixth-semester history students, published by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad in 2020. The course contains fifteen parts and five sections.Key Topics Covered (1948-1956):Hyderabad State IntegrationThe Nizam's rule ended in 1948.The state was forcibly merged into the Indian Union through "Police Action" (Operation Polo) from September 13 to September 18, 1948.The Nizam's government resigned on September 17, 1948, and his army chief, Major General E.L. Edroos, surrendered on September 18, 1948.Interim AdministrationsMilitary Rule (September 18, 1948 – December 31, 1949): Major General J.N. Chaudhuri was appointed Military Governor, while the Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, remained the constitutional head (later Raj Pramukh from January 26, 1950). Reforms included the abolition of Sarfe Khas (Nizam's private lands) and the Hali Sikka currency, and the abolition of the Jagirdari system. A report by the Pandit Sundarlal Committee noted that approximately 27,000 to 40,000 people, mostly Muslims and Communists, were killed during and after the Police Action.Civil Administration (January 1, 1950 – January 31, 1952): M.K. Vellodi was appointed Chief Minister, replacing Chaudhuri following the Sundarlal Committee report. Vellodi's administration introduced Telugu and English as official languages, leading to the appointment of many Andhra region officials in government jobs, which later sparked the Mulki Movement.First General Elections (1952)The elections were held in February 1952.Out of 175 seats, the Congress Party won 93, the People's Democratic Front won 42, and the Socialist Party won 12.Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Ministry (March 6, 1952 – October 31, 1956): Burgula Ramakrishna Rao became the first elected Chief Minister. His achievements include the implementation of the Gorwala Committee report to achieve a surplus budget, land reforms like the abolition of the Jagirdari system, and the introduction of mother-tongue instruction in schools.Movements:Bhūdān Movement (1951): Launched by Vinoba Bhave in Pochampally, Nalgonda district, to address the land problem.Mulki Movement (1952): Started due to the preference given to Andhra people in government jobs.

జనరల్ సైన్స్ అన్ని రకాల పోటీ పరీక్షలకు

ఈ పత్రం పోటీ పరీక్షల కోసం 'జనరల్ సైన్స్' (GENERAL SCIENCE) అనే పుస్తకం యొక్క విషయ సూచిక మరియు మొదటి అధ్యాయంలోని సమాచారాన్ని, అలాగే ఆబ్జెక్టివ్ ప్రశ్నల శ్రేణిని కలిగి ఉంది. ఈ పుస్తకాన్ని ముత్యాల ప్రసాద్ రచించారు మరియు విశాలాంధ్ర పబ్లిషింగ్ హౌస్ ప్రచురించింది.పుస్తక వివరాలు మరియు ప్రచురణ సమాచారం:శీర్షిక (Title): జనరల్ సైన్స్ అన్ని రకాల పోటీ పరీక్షలకురచయిత (Author): ముత్యాల ప్రసాద్ప్రచురణకర్త (Publisher): విశాలాంధ్ర పబ్లిషింగ్ హౌస్తొలి ముద్రణ (First Edition): 1993చివరి ముద్రణ (Sixth Edition): 28, 2005ముఖ్య విషయాలు (Key Contents):పుస్తకంలో కింది అంశాలు ఉన్నాయి:విశ్వసృష్టి ఆద్యంతాల మధ్య అనంతకాలయాత్రలో (విశ్వం యొక్క చరిత్ర) (పేజీ 1)ఆబ్జెక్టివ్ టైప్ ప్రశ్నలు (పేజీ 10)పరికరాలు - పనితనం (పేజీ 103)ఆధునిక వైద్యశాస్త్రం (పేజీ 116)విటమిన్లు - వ్యాధులు (పేజీ 137)అంతరిక్ష పరిశోధనలో మైలురాళ్ళు (పేజీ 145)విశ్వసృష్టి కాలక్రమం (Cosmic Timeline) (ముఖ్య సంఘటనలు):శూన్యం దగ్గర నుంచి కాలం ప్రారంభమైంది.4.5 బిలియన్ సంవత్సరాల నాడు: వాయు, ధూళి మేఘం నుంచి సూర్యుడు, గ్రహాలు జన్మించాయి.3.8 బిలియన్ సంవత్సరాలు: భూమి చల్లబడింది.3.5-3.2 బిలియన్ సంవత్సరాలు: భూమిపై సూక్ష్మజీవులు అవతరించాయి.600 మిలియన్ సంవత్సరాలు: పీత జాతి జంతువులు ఏర్పడ్డాయి.200 మిలియన్ సంవత్సరాలు: క్షీరదాలు వచ్చాయి.5 మిలియన్ సంవత్సరాలు: చింపాంజీ వర్గం నుంచి కోతిమానవుడు ఆవిర్భవించాడు.3,60,000 సంవత్సరాలు: నిప్పు కనుగొన్నారు.20 వేలు - 15 వేల సంవత్సరాలు: వ్యవసాయం ఆరంభం.క్రీస్తుపూర్వం 1000: హోమర్చే ఒడెస్సీ గ్రంథం.క్రీస్తుశకం 1665 - 1666: ఐజాక్ న్యూటన్ గురుత్వాకర్షణ సిద్ధాంతాన్ని ఆవిష్కరించాడు.1911: ఎర్నెస్ట్ రూథర్డ్ ఫర్డ్ అణువుల సూక్ష్మ ద్రవ్యరాశి అంతా న్యూక్లియైలో నిక్షిప్తం ఉందని ధ్రువీకరించాడు.1988: విశ్వాంతరాళం చివరన క్వాసార్ ను గుర్తించారు.

3500 simplification Math's Questions

3500 simplification is a collection of quantitative aptitude problems, primarily focusing on simplification, approximation, quadratic equations, and number series, with solutions provided.Key sections and question types include:Directions (1-25): Find the approximate value of the given expressions.Examples include calculations involving percentages, multiplication, division, roots, and rounding off numbers.Directions (26-50): Simplify the following problems.This section covers percentages, squares and square roots, fractions, and general simplification of expressions.Directions (51-75): Solve two given quadratic equations (I and II) and establish the relationship between x and y.The possible relationships are x < y, x > y, x ≤ y, x ≥ y, or x = y or no relation can be established.Directions (76-100): Find the missing term (?) in the given number series.Solutions: Detailed solutions are provided for each question.The document also includes supplementary material from "IBPS Guide" with an additional set of "1000 Most Important Simplification Questions" and their solutions, covering approximations, simple calculations, and exponent problems. The content is largely sourced from Adda247, promoting their mobile app, test series, and e-books for Banking & SSC preparation.

Indian Polity Notes In Telugu

భారత రాజ్యాంగం యొక్క పరిణామ క్రమం (చట్టాలు) మరియు రాజ్యాంగ రచనకు సంబంధించిన ముఖ్యాంశాలు:భారత రాజ్యాంగం - పూర్వరంగం:ప్రపంచంలో తొలిసారిగా 'రాజ్యాంగం' అనే భావాన్ని ఉపయోగించినది గ్రీకులు.రాజనీతి శాస్త్ర పితామహుడు అరిస్టాటిల్.ప్రపంచంలో తొలి లిఖిత రాజ్యాంగం అమెరికా రాజ్యాంగం (1787).ప్రపంచంలో అతిపెద్ద రాజ్యాంగం భారత రాజ్యాంగం, అతి చిన్నది అమెరికా రాజ్యాంగం.రాజ్యం అనగా నాలుగు లక్షణాల కలయిక: ప్రజలు, ప్రదేశం, ప్రభుత్వం, మరియు సార్వభౌమాధికారము.చారిత్రక చట్టాలు:1773 రెగ్యులేటింగ్ చట్టం: తొలి రాజ్యాంగ చట్టంగా అభివర్ణించబడింది. దీని ద్వారా బెంగాల్ గవర్నర్ బెంగాల్ గవర్నర్ జనరల్‌గా మారారు (మొదటిది వారన్ హేస్టింగ్స్). 1774లో కలకత్తాలో తొలి సుప్రీంకోర్టు ఏర్పాటు చేశారు (తొలి ప్రధాన న్యాయమూర్తి సర్ ఎలిజా ఇంపే).1784 పిట్స్ ఇండియా చట్టం: ద్వంద్వ ప్రభుత్వ విధానాన్ని ప్రవేశపెట్టింది (రాజకీయ వ్యవహారాలకు బోర్డ్ ఆఫ్ కంట్రోల్, వ్యాపార వ్యవహారాలకు కోర్ట్ ఆఫ్ డైరెక్టర్స్).1833 చార్టర్ చట్టం: బెంగాల్ గవర్నర్ జనరల్ పదవిని రద్దు చేసి 'భారత దేశ గవర్నర్ జనరల్' అనే పదవిని ఏర్పాటు చేశారు (మొదటిది విలియం బెంటింగ్).1858 భారత ప్రభుత్వ చట్టం: ఈస్టిండియా కంపెనీ పాలన రద్దు చేసి, బ్రిటిష్ రాణి ప్రత్యక్ష పాలన ప్రారంభమైంది. భారతదేశ గవర్నర్ జనరల్ పదవిని 'బ్రిటిష్ వైస్రాయ్'గా మార్చారు (మొదటి వైస్రాయ్ లార్డ్ కానింగ్).1909 భారత కౌన్సిల్ చట్టం (మింటో-మార్లే సంస్కరణలు): ముహమ్మదీయులకు ప్రత్యేక నియోజకవర్గాలు కేటాయించారు.1919 భారత ప్రభుత్వ చట్టం (మాంటేగ్-చేమ్స్‌ఫర్డ్ సంస్కరణలు): రాష్ట్రాలలో ద్వంద్వ ప్రభుత్వ విధానం ప్రవేశపెట్టారు.1935 భారత ప్రభుత్వ చట్టం: భారత రాజ్యాంగానికి నకలు లేదా మాతృక లాంటిది. అఖిల భారత సమాఖ్య, రాష్ట్రాలకు స్వతంత్ర ప్రతిపత్తి, కేంద్రంలో ద్వంద్వ ప్రభుత్వ విధానం ప్రవేశపెట్టారు.రాజ్యాంగ పరిషత్:1946 కేబినెట్ మిషన్ సిఫారసు మేరకు రాజ్యాంగ పరిషత్ ఏర్పాటయింది.రాజ్యాంగ పరిషత్ తొలి సమావేశం 9-12-1946న జరిగింది. తాత్కాలిక అధ్యక్షుడు సచ్చిదానంద సిన్హా.శాశ్వత అధ్యక్షుడిగా Dr. బాబూ రాజేంద్రప్రసాద్ 11-12-1946న ఎన్నికయ్యారు.ముసాయిదా కమిటీ (Drafting Committee) 29-08-1947న Dr. B.R. అంబేద్కర్ అధ్యక్షతన ఏర్పడింది.రాజ్యాంగ రచనకు 2 సంవత్సరాల 11 నెలల 18 రోజులు పట్టింది.రాజ్యాంగాన్ని 26 నవంబర్ 1949న ఆమోదించారు.భారత రాజ్యాంగం 26 జనవరి 1950న అమలులోకి వచ్చింది.

Analysis of the Union Budget 2026-27

This document provides a detailed summary and analysis of the Union Budget 2026-27, presented by Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman on 1 February 2026 in Parliament. The Budget, the first prepared in Kartavya Bhawan, is guided by three main goals or 'Kartavyas':Grow the economy faster by improving productivity and making India stronger.Support people's aspirations by building their capabilities and opportunities.Ensure inclusive growth so that every family, region, community, and sector benefits.Key Budget Estimates (BE) for 2026-27:Total spending: ₹53.5 lakh crore.Total receipts (without borrowing): ₹36.5 lakh crore.Fiscal deficit target: 4.3% of GDP, amounting to ₹16,95,768 crore.Public capital expenditure: ₹12.2 lakh crore.Debt-to-GDP ratio: 55.6% (lower than the previous year).Major Sector Allocations (BE 2026-27):Interest Payments: ₹14,03,972 crore.Defence expenditure: ₹5,94,585 crore.Transport allocation: ₹5,98,520 crore.Education allocation: ₹1,39,289 crore.Health allocation: ₹1,04,599 crore.Total allocation to Finance Ministry (highest among all demands): ₹19,72,509.48 crore.Key Initiatives and Reforms:Manufacturing: ₹10,000 crore for 'Biopharma SHAKTI' over 5 years, India Semiconductor Mission 2.0, and ₹40,000 crore for Electronics Components.Infrastructure: Seven High-Speed Rail corridors, Dankuni-Surat Dedicated Freight Corridor, and 20 new National Waterways.Tax Reforms: New Income Tax Act, 2025 starting April 2026, MAT reduced to 14%, and TCS on overseas travel/education lowered to 2%.The document also includes tables on Budget at a Glance, Deficit Statistics, Expenditure of Major Items, and Ministry/Scheme-wise Allocations. The Economic Survey 2025-26, which precedes the Budget, estimated India's economy grew by 7.4% in FY26 and highlighted that India remained the fastest-growing major economy for the 4th consecutive year.

Day (1-20) Compilation Prelims Power Play 2026.

Day (1-20) Compilation Prelims Power Play 2026, is a compilation of multiple-choice questions categorized by subject, intended for the PRELIMS POWER PLAY 2026 series. The days covered are Day 1 through Day 20, with some days having the subject mentioned.Subjects Covered by Day:Day 1: Polity QuestionsDay 2: Science QuestionsDay 3: Economy QuestionsDay 4: Environment QuestionsDay 5: IR QuestionsDay 6: History QuestionsDay 7: Polity QuestionsDay 8: Science QuestionsDay 9: Economy QuestionsDay 10: Environment QuestionsDay 11: IR QuestionsDay 12: History QuestionsDay 13: Polity QuestionsDay 14: Science QuestionsDay 15: Economy QuestionsDay 16: Environment QuestionsDay 17: IR QuestionsDay 18: History QuestionsDay 19: Polity QuestionsDay 20: Science QuestionsSelected Topics and References in the Questions:Polity: Sessions of Parliament, Summoning of Parliament, ancestral property of tribal women, reservation of seats for women (Article 332-A), removal of a judge, Vice-Presidents who resigned to contest presidential elections (V.V. Giri, R. Venkataraman, Shankar Dayal Sharma), election of Vice-President, Article 356 (President's Rule), quorum and casting vote in Parliament, panchayat elections, Ninth Schedule, Preamble, Lok Sabha quorum and vacancy, 'Prorogation', Secretariat of Parliament, Money Bill decision (Speaker of Lok Sabha), MGNREGS, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Governor, electoral reforms committees (Tarkunde, Dinesh Goswami, Indrajit Gupta), border dispute (Belagavi), Article 32.Science: NISAR mission, chromosphere and solar flares, MiG-21 fighter jets, 'bleeding eye' virus (Marburg virus), volcanic eruption by-products, Europa, CoinDCX, NASA's sounding-rocket mission (SNIFS), Pralay missile, Synthetic Aperture Radars (L-band and S-band), pollutants and sources (PM 2.5, Nitrogen dioxide, Soot), 'hypocenter', Population III stars, 'reionization', Gaia mission, Perseid meteors, blue of the sky, Graphene, Cervarix and Gardasil (HPV Vaccine), Airbus C-295, 'Time Crystals', Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), dial-up internet, NVS satellites (Navigation services), 'tripledemic', neutron stars, PM-WANI.Economy: India-UK Free Trade Agreement, new railway lines (Bairabi-Sairang - Mizoram, Sivok-Rangpo - Sikkim), repo rate, RBI directions on pre-payment charges (up to Rs 50 lakh), synthetic rubber, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2019 (experimental approach to alleviating global poverty), Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (Ministry of Rural Development), minimum wage factors, gross NPA ratio of PSBs' MSME loans, 'Quick commerce', Indian rupee stability, India-EU trade deal (FDI in telecom/insurance), inflation concept, Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, MGNREGA features, electric vehicle adoption in India, ethanol exports, Merchant Discount Rate (MDR), PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), white-backed plant hopper (rice plant), TRIPS Agreement (WTO), GDP rankings, SEBI penalty/violation, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) changes, E20 fuel advantages, Cheque Truncation System (CTS), Stagflation, Special Rupee Vostro Account (SRVA).Environment: Air pollution (SO2, PM2.5, Carbon monoxide), India's non-fossil fuel electricity capacity, Karewa formations (Kashmir Valley), proposed Etalin hydel project (run-of-the-river on Dri and Talo rivers), Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), UNFCCC secretariat, biostimulants, Tyler Prize 2025, Great Indian Bustard (GIB), Kaziranga, mercury contamination, Zojila tunnel (Srinagar and Ladakh connectivity), Brahmaputra floodplain endemic species, India's first private test facility for heavy water upgradation, 'Mangrove Alliance for Climate', Etalin Hydel Project (Arunachal Pradesh, biodiversity hotspot), monsoon in India, Green Credit Programme (GCP), GLOF, Perito Moreno, Upsala, and Spegazzini glaciers (Andes), Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki (Indonesia), IUCN Red List criteria, Project Cheetah, Global Plastics Treaty negotiations, proliferation of jellyfish, stranding of whales.History: Temple structure parts, Chola King who built Gangaikondacholapuram (Rajendra I), 'Kudavolai system' (Uttaramerur Inscriptions), Manigramam and Ayyavole (Merchant guilds), Barahmasa and Meghaduta, states part of colonial Assam, travellers (Pietro Della Valle, Ibn Battuta), Laho dance, Battle of Colachel (Dutch defeat), Lentina Ao documentary, Project PARI, 'The Orion' and 'The Arctic Home of the Vedas' author (Bal Gangadhar Tilak), Bal Gangadhar Tilak quotes (Gandhi, Nehru), Partition of Bengal 1905 (Sri Aurobindo), quote on Calcutta and Congress (Lord Curzon), boycotting British goods proposal (Public meeting in Calcutta Town Hall in 1905), journals/personalities (Brahmobandhab Upadhyay - Sandhya/Yugantar, Aurobindo Ghosh - Bande Mataram, Bipin Chandra Pal - New India), chronological order of events (Muslim League, Morley-Minto Reforms, Surat Split).

Prelims 2026 topic-wise syllabus

Prelims 2026 topic-wise syllabus presents a topic-wise syllabus for UPSC 2026, prepared by the School of UPSC.The Table of Contents outlines the following major sections:Indian Heritage & CultureAncient Indian HistoryMedieval Indian HistoryModern Indian HistoryPost IndependenceWorld GeographyIndian GeographyPolityEconomyEcology and EnvironmentScience and TechnologySub-topics for some major sections include:Indian Heritage & Culture: Architecture (e.g., Indus Civilization, Temple, Rock-cut, Mauryan, Gupta Age), Sculpture, Painting (e.g., Mural, Miniature, Folk), Religion (e.g., Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam), Indian Music and Dance, Theatre, Puppetry, and Pottery tradition (e.g., OCP, BRW, PGW, NBPW).Ancient Indian History: Prehistoric period (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic), Harappan / Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Age, Mahajanapadas and Rise of Magadha, Mauryan Age, Post Mauryan Age, Gupta Age, and Sangam Age.World Geography: Origin and Evolution of Universe, Solar System and Earth, Important Geophysical Phenomenon, Atmosphere, Weather & Climate, Oceans, Soil and Natural Vegetation, and World Economic and Human Geography.Polity: Historical Background, Making of the Constitution, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Centre-State Relations, Emergency Provisions, President, Vice-President, and Prime Minister, Parliament and Judiciary, and Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies (e.g., Election Commission, UPSC, NITI Aayog).Economy: Economy and Economics, Economic Growth and its Measures, Fiscal Policy, Monetary and Credit Policy, Inflation, Taxation, and Banking System in India.

UPSC MEQ Set E

MEQ Set E (1001-1250) Questions is a question bank of "Most Expected Questions" (MEQ) for Prelims 2026, covering questions 1001-1250. The content is based on the last 1.5 years of current affairs and draws from sources such as The Hindu, The Indian Express, Down To Earth, and the Press Information Bureau (PIB) of the Government of India.Key topics and concepts covered in the Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) include:Science and Technology: Ham radio, Nipah Virus, Astra BVR missile, ULPGM-V3, Gravitational waves, NISAR SAR mission, S-400 missile system, Orbiting Carbon Observatories (OCOs), Hydrogen Train Engine India, Agni-P missile, Radioisotopes, and the enrichment of Uranium.Defence and Security: INS Tamal, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), 'Daulat Beg Oldie', 'The Resistance Front' (TRF), Akash Prime missile, 'Han Guang' drills, Sudarshan Chakra Mission, and the National Security Act (NSA), 1980.Geography and Environment: Gulf of Paria, Olive Ridley Turtle, India's coastline, Kuno National Park, Mountain passes (Nathu La, Lipulekh), Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ), 'buck' moon, Campbell Bay, Kamchatka region, Sardar Sarovar Dam, Patalpani-Kalakund railway line, Crimean Peninsula, Titas River, Pamba River, Typhoons, and La Niña.Economy and Governance: Fertilizers imports, Retaliatory duty, Household Consumption Expenditure Survey for 2023-24, Gaden Phodrang Foundation, Zonal Councils, Gini Index 2025, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), Admiralty Act, 2017, Attachment of property by the ED, European Free Trade Association (EFTA), National Sports Governance Bill, SFB to universal bank transition criteria, National Sports Day, and the Right to Education (RTE) Act.Culture and History: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Maratha Military Landscapes, Lerma Rojo 64A, Sonora 63, and Mayo 64 (Wheat varieties), Paikas, Rajendra I (Chola), POSH Act, Piprahwa Gems, Rudrastra, Daruma Doll, and Sarnath: Buddhist site.International Relations: QUAD at Sea Ship Observer Mission, first nation to recognize the Taliban government, RCEP, Azerbaijan and Armenia peace agreement broker, Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and India-EU trade ties.

UPSC MEQ Set D

MEQ Set D (751-1000) Questions for Prelims 2026, based on the last 1.5 years of current affairs. The content covers information from various sources, including The Hindu, The Indian Express, Down To Earth, and the Press Information Bureau (PIB).Key Topics and Initiatives Mentioned:Schemes/Initiatives:Swachh Shehar Jodi (SSJ) is an urban waste management mentorship initiative launched by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA).PM-KUSUM was launched in 2019 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.PM MITRA scheme aims to establish integrated textile parks with world-class infrastructure.Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society (ULLAS) aims to empower adults aged 12 and above who missed formal schooling.The term "Perigee-syzygy of the Earth-Moon-Sun system" refers to a full moon occurring at the Moon's closest point to Earth.NAMASTE Scheme is related to the Sanitation ecosystem.The concept of "Special and Differential Treatment (SDT)" is associated with the World Trade Organization.The Thalweg Principle states that a boundary should follow the main navigable channel or line of greatest depth.The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is compiled monthly and published by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), with the current base year as 2011-12.Locations/Geography:Pallikaranai Marshland is located in Tamil Nadu.Daroji sanctuary is located in Karnataka.Mount Chimborazo is located in Ecuador.Achanakmar Tiger Reserve is located in Chhattisgarh.Ningaloo Reef is located on the North-west coast of Western Australia.Omkareshwar Floating Solar Project is located in Madhya Pradesh.Other Facts:The Wassenaar Arrangement focuses on export controls for conventional arms and dual-use technologies.Haj is one of the 5 Pillars of Islam.The term "Girmitiyas" refers to Indian indentured laborers.The Nobel Award holders from India listed are Rabindranath Tagore, Mother Teresa, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, and Amartya Sen.The British Academy Book Prize eligibility criteria requires books to be published in the UK, with authors of any nationality, provided the work is available in English.

UPSC MEQ Set C

MEQ Set C (501-750) Questions contains Most Expected Questions (MEQ) for Prelims 2026, covering questions 501 to 750. The content is based on current affairs from the last 1.5 years and sourced from The Hindu, The Indian Express, Down To Earth, and the Press Information Bureau (PIB).The questions are in a multiple-choice format, featuring single or multiple statements, and focus on a wide range of topics, including:Geography and Environment: Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), AmazonFACE Project, Project Cheetah, Keibul Lamjao National Park, Georgia's location, Alpide Belt, Afghanistan's seismic activity, Senkaku Islands.Science and Technology: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), GSAT-7R (CMS-03), Quantum timekeeping, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), Precision Biotherapeutics, Near-Surface Shear Layer (NSSL) of the Sun, Altermagnetism, Geothermal energy, Ricin, DNA structure discovery.Economy and Governance: 'One Station One Product (OSOP)' scheme, Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS), Wholesale Price Index (WPI), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs), Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), Export Promotion Mission (EPM), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act.Polity and Social Issues: Removal of Ministers, CITES Appendices, Sixth Schedule provisions, SEBI objectives, Contempt of Court, Universal Basic Income (UBI), National Security Guard (NSG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA).International Relations: Chabahar Port, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), India-U.S. joint military exercises, UN High Seas Treaty, Abraham Accords, Minamata Convention on Mercury.Culture and History: Statue of Unity, Bardoli Satyagraha (1928), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), Red Fort (Lal Qila), Phool Walon Ki Sair, Veer Narayan Singh.

UPSC MEQ Set B

MEQ Set B (251-500) Questions, contains "Most Expected Questions" (MEQ) for Prelims 2026, Set B, covering questions 251–500. The questions are based on the last 1.5 years of current affairs and draw content from sources like The Hindu, The Indian Express, and Down To Earth.The document is structured as a multiple-choice question bank, with questions covering various topics:Geography and Environment:Sarhul Festival is a New Year festival celebrated in Jharkhand.Kaffeklubben Island's significance is being the northernmost point of land in the world.Sukhatal Lake acts as a feeder lake for Naini Lake.Seismic seiches are tsunami-like waves set up in enclosed or partially enclosed water bodies, which can cause flooding.Deep sea mining is the extraction of mineral-rich nodules and crusts from the deep seabed below 2000m depth.The Barbados threadsnake (Tetracheilostoma carlae) is the world's smallest-known snake.The Great Indian Bustard is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, among the heaviest-flying birds, and listed as Critically Endangered under the IUCN.Science and Technology:Asbestos are naturally occurring silicate minerals used in shipbuilding and aerospace, classified as a Group 2 carcinogen by IARC.The AMORE experiment in South Korea has reported no evidence of neutrino-less double beta decay.Fram2 Polar Mission's objective is to study Earth's polar regions from a capsule, including light emissions similar to auroras.White hydrogen occurs naturally in the Earth's crust.The term 'CRIB' (question 403) is a new gene-editing method designed to enhance immunity against viral infections.Governance and Economy:The 'Baalpan ki Kavita' initiative is implemented by the Ministry of Education.The Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) was launched in 2015 to reduce gold imports.India's first Vertical Lift Railway Sea Bridge is located in Tamil Nadu.The Financial Inclusion Index in India is developed and published by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).GDP rebasing is a statistical exercise to update the base year to accurately reflect current economic conditions.The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) consists of 22 members.

UPSC MEQ Set A

MEQ Set A (1-250) Questions" contains 250 Most Expected Questions for Prelims 2026, based on the last 1.5 years of current affairs from sources like The Hindu, The Indian Express, Down To Earth, and PIB. The content is a question bank format from "SCHOOL OF UPSC".Key topics and questions covered include:Polity and Governance:Statements regarding post-sex-reassignment surgery identity certificates and the Registration of Birth and Death Act of 1969.Fundamental rights available only to citizens of India (Articles 16, 19, 28, 29).The "rarest of rare doctrine" and the RG Kar Case verdict on the death penalty.Constitutional amendments for 'One Nation, One Election'.Provisions related to the Governor's role in state law-making (Articles 200 and 201).Statements on the 'whip system' in the Indian parliament.Science and Technology:The SpaDeX Mission and India's success in demonstrating space docking.Features of the BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile and the Pralay Quasi-Ballistic Missile.The Strategic Importance of Greenland (Geopolitical location, rare earth minerals, Arctic access, military infrastructure).Statements about Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).The Human Genome Project (HGP) and its aims.Applications of Genetic Modification (GM) techniques.Economy and Schemes:Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24.Initiatives to promote ethical use of AI in the financial sector (MuleHunter.ai, Regulatory Sandbox, NSAI, DPDP Act 2023).'Grey market trading'.Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme objectives and implementation.PM-KISAN scheme provisions, including eligibility and responsibilities.Environment and Geography:Information about "Chillai Kalan" and its related periods.Inclusion of Indore, Bhopal, Srinagar, and Udaipur for Wetland City Accreditation (WCA) under the Ramsar Convention.Criteria for a wetland's eligibility for protection under the Ramsar convention.Statements about the Chinar tree.Details regarding the Ring of Fire (earthquakes, volcanoes, countries).Features and risk factors associated with Paraquat.Culture and History:Linkage of Kalaripayattu to a historical figure.Discoveries from the Ratnagiri Excavations in Odisha.The term 'Jalankantha' in ancient times.Feudal system, 'Biswedari System,' in Patiala.

Features of Union budget 2026-27

The Key Features of the Government of India's Budget for 2026-2027.The main topics and features highlighted in the document:Overall Vision and Pillars:Viksit Bharat: Balancing ambition with inclusion, with a focus on "Action Over Ambivalence, Reform Over Rhetoric, People Over Populism."Economic Trajectory: Aiming for a high growth rate of around 7%, focusing on fiscal discipline, sustained growth, and moderate inflation.Government's ‘Sankalp’ (Commitments):First Kartavya: Accelerate and sustain economic growth.Second Kartavya: Fulfil aspirations of the people.Third Kartavya: Vision of Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas, ensuring access to resources and opportunities for meaningful participation.Pillars of Growth and Development: Sustaining Economic Growth, Strengthening the Foundations of Growth, People-Centric Development, Trust-based Governance, and Ease of Doing Business and Ease of Living.Key Sectoral Focus Areas:Sustaining Economic Growth (Manufacturing, Services, Agriculture):Manufacturing: Initiatives like India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0, Biopharma SHAKTI, Schemes for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, dedicated Chemical Parks, and tax reforms (e.g., income tax exemption for five years to non-residents providing capital goods for toll manufacturers in a bonded zone).MSMEs: Three-pronged approach: Equity Support (₹10,000 crore SME Growth Fund), Professional Support (Corporate Mitras), and Liquidity Support through TReDS (Trade Receivables Discounting System).Services Sector: High-Powered 'Education to Employment and Enterprise' Standing Committee, upgrading institutions for Allied Health Professionals, schemes for Medical Value Tourism, new All India Institutes of Ayurveda, and tax reforms (e.g., safe harbour for IT services increased from ₹300 crore to ₹2,000 crore).Agriculture: Dedicated programmes for Horticulture (walnuts, almonds, pine nuts), Coconut promotion, Indian Cashew & Cocoa Programmes, support for Animal Husbandry, and strengthening fisheries value chain.Strengthening the Foundations of Growth (Infrastructure and Energy):Infrastructure: Public capex is projected at ₹12.2 lakh crore for FY27. Initiatives include setting up an Infrastructure Risk Guarantee Fund, new Dedicated Freight Corridors, operationalizing 20 new National Waterways, and a Coastal Cargo Promotion Scheme.Energy Security: Scheme for Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) with an outlay of ₹20,000 crore, and exemptions on Basic Customs Duty (BCD) for components used in Lithium-Ion Cells, solar glass, and Nuclear Power Projects.Urbanisation: Focus on Tier II, Tier III cities, and temple-towns, and 'Growth Connectors' like 7 High-Speed Rail corridors.People-Centric Development: Focus on the Care Ecosystem (geriatric and allied care), Divyangjan Kaushal Yojana and Divyang Sahara Yojana for persons with disabilities, and upgrading Mental Health Institutes.Ease of Doing Business and Ease of Living (Tax and Compliance):TCS rate reduced on the sale of overseas tour packages (to 2%) and for education/medical purposes under LRS (to 2%).Time for revising returns extended from December 31st to March 31st.Introducing a one-time 6-month foreign asset disclosure scheme below a certain size for small taxpayers.Fiscal Matters (Page 17):16th Finance Commission: Accepted the recommendation to retain the vertical share of devolution at 41%.Fiscal Consolidation:Debt-to-GDP ratio targeted at 50±1 percent by 2030 (estimated at 55.6% in BE 2026-27).Fiscal deficit in BE 2026-27 is estimated to be 4.3 percent of GDP.Receipts and Expenditures (Pages 18-19):Rupee Comes From: Borrowings and Liabilities (24%), Income Tax (21%), Corporation Tax (18%), and GST and other taxes (15%).Rupee Goes To: Interest Payment (20%), Central Sector Scheme (17%), Defence (11%), and States Share of Taxes (22%).Total Revenue Receipts (BE 2026-27): ₹34.2 lakh crore.Total Effective Capital Expenditure (BE 2026-27): ₹17.1 lakh crore.Expenditure of Major Items (In crore):Transport: 5,98,520Defence: 5,94,585Rural Development: 2,73,108Home Affairs: 2,55,234Agriculture and Allied Activities: 1,62,671

SSC_Maths_6500+_TCS_MCQ

SSC_Maths_6500+_TCS_MCQ_2nd_Edition_English_Aditya_Ranjan_Sir

SSC GD 2025 Practice Sets - 20

SSC_CHSL_2025_Maths – Top 125 Questions 50 Shifts Chapter wise

SSC_CHSL_2025_Maths – Top 125 Questions 50 Shifts Chapterwise, is a collection of mathematics practice questions for the SSC CHSL 2025 exam, prepared by Gagan Pratap Sir.Key Features and Topics:Exam Focus: SSC CHSL 2025.Content: Top 125 Questions, compiled from "50 Shifts का निचोड़" (The essence of 50 Shifts).Format: Bilingual and Chapterwise.Instructor: Gagan Pratap Sir.Question Types: The document presents multiple-choice questions covering various mathematics topics, including:Algebra: Expanding expressions, finding remainders, equations involving x^2 + y^2 + z^2.Number System: Properties of rational and irrational numbers, decimal expansion of rational numbers, and number theory (HCF/LCM related).Percentages and Profit/Loss: Successive increments, defect rates, investment returns, cost estimation, population change, and discount problems.Geometry/Mensuration: Coordinates of orthocenter and centroid, equation of a line, properties of triangles (circumcenter, incenter, angle bisector), circles (tangents, chords).Simple and Compound Interest: Calculating principal, amount, rate, and differences in interest over time.Time, Speed, and Distance: Train problems, relative speed, average speed, and escalator problems.Mixtures and Allegations: Mixing alloys and mixtures like milk and water or methanol solutions.Volume and Surface Area: Calculations for pyramids, cylinders, spheres, prisms, and cubes, including problems involving melting and recasting.Partnership and Time & Work: Division of profit based on investment, and efficiency-based work problems.Trigonometry and Averages: Basic trigonometric identities and calculating various types of averages.

SSC CGL 2025 Maths – Top 100 Questions 46 Shifts

SSC CGL 2025 Maths – Top 100 Questions 46 Shifts is a compilation of 100 important mathematics questions for the SSC CGL 2025 Preliminary Examination, curated by Gagan Pratap Sir. The material is bilingual and chapter-wise.The questions are organized into the following chapters/topics:PERCENTAGE (Questions 1–5): Includes problems on successive percentage change, rate of growth, expenditure increase due to price hike, salary percentage change, and annual return on investment (rent).PROFIT AND LOSS (Questions 6–15): Covers calculation of actual profit percentage, total profit/loss percentage on multiple sales, percentage increase in cost price, gain/loss percentage on mixing and selling varieties, profit in mixtures, successive discounts and markups, overall gain/loss on bulk license sales with free offers, cost price and additional discount percentage, original marked price determination, and cost price with loyalty discounts.SIMPLE INTEREST (Questions 17–20): Features problems on the relationship between principal and simple interest (A, B, C relationship), calculating principal from total interest and investment ratios, determining principal amounts based on interest payment interchange, and time required for a sum to become a certain multiple of itself.COMPOUND INTEREST (Questions 21–25): Includes finding the interest for a specific year, calculating the rate of interest for tripling a sum, finding the original principal from amounts in consecutive years, calculating the final amount, and determining the amount of equal annual installments.AVERAGE (Questions 26–29): Covers calculating the average cost of a mixture, finding the average of three numbers from conditional sums, problems involving averages of 15 numbers and relationships between the last few numbers, and finding the average of consecutive odd/even numbers based on their averages and sums.RATIO/MIXTURE (Questions 30–34)TIME AND WORK (Questions 35–38)TIME AND DISTANCE (Questions 39–40)PARTNERSHIP (Questions 41–43)SIMPLIFICATION (Questions 44–46)ALGEBRA (Questions 47–49)TRIGNOMETRY / HEIGHT AND DISTANCE (Questions 50–54)GEOMETRY (Questions 55–69)MENSURATION (Questions 70–92)COORDINATE GEOMETRY (Questions 93–101)

SSC CGL MAINS (MATHS & REASONING)

SSC CGL MAINS (MATHS & REASONING) Final PDF for the 2025 exam, published by Aditya Ranjan Publications.Document Structure & Content:Purpose: Provides 10 sample papers for the SSC CGL MAINS exam, covering Maths/Reasoning.Format: The papers are bilingual and include smart and short solutions.Applicability: Useful for all upcoming SSC examinations.Author: Aditya Ranjan Sir, selected as Excise Inspector.Sample Papers Index: The document contains 10 sets of 'MATHEMATICAL ABILITIES AND REASONING & GENERAL INTELLIGENCE'.Each set has 60 questions.Set 01 is from pages 01-14, Set 02 from 15-30, and so on, with Set 10 from pages 136-151.The total number of questions across all sets is 600.Sample Questions and Solutions: The document includes questions and detailed solutions for both the 'Mathematical Abilities' and 'Reasoning & General Intelligence' sections from the sample papers.For example, Mathematical Abilities Set 01, Question 34, has a duration of 60 minutes and a maximum of 180 marks.Answer Key: Separate answer keys are provided for the Mathematical Abilities and Reasoning & General Intelligence sections.Other Publications: The document also advertises other publications by Aditya Ranjan, such as the "COMPLETE MATHS" and "संपूर्ण गणित" (Hindi) Brahmastra Formula Books, which are useful for SSC, Railways, CET, Defence, Banking, & all Govt. Exams.

RRB SECTION CONTROLLER PRACTICE BOOK

RRB SECTION CONTROLLER PRACTICE BOOK for 2025. It contains Practice Sets and their solutions, starting with Practice Set - 1.Publication and Contact Details:Chief Editor: Anand K. MahajanCompiled & Edited by: Exam Expert CommitteeEditorial Office: 12, Church Lane Prayagraj-211002Content Overview (Practice Set - 1):The document includes a table of contents showing the range of pages for the first ten Practice Sets and their Solutions:Practice Set - 1: Pages 3-11Solution: Practice Set - 1: Pages 12-22Practice Set - 2: Pages 23-31Solution: Practice Set - 2: Pages 32-42Practice Set - 3: Pages 43-50Solution: Practice Set - 3: Pages 51-61Practice Set - 4: Pages 62-69Solution: Practice Set - 4: Pages 70-80Practice Set - 5: Pages 81-88Solution: Practice Set - 5: Pages 89-99Practice Set - 6: Pages 100-107Solution: Practice Set - 6: Pages 108-118Practice Set - 7: Pages 119-126Solution: Practice Set - 7: Pages 127-137Practice Set - 8: Pages 138-145Solution: Practice Set 8: Pages 146-156Practice Set - 9: Pages 157-164Solution: Practice Set 9: Pages 165-174Practice Set 10: Pages 175-182Solution: Practice Set - 10: Pages 183-192Practice Set - 1 includes questions on topics such as Data Sufficiency, Seating Arrangement, Mensuration, Geometry, Probability, Mean, Median, and Mode, Average, Number System/Divisibility, Algebra, Time and Work/Pipes and Cistern, Speed, Time and Distance, Compound and Simple Interest, Profit and Loss/Discount, Mixtures and Alligations, Ratio and Proportion, Clocks and Calendars, Blood Relations, Coding-Decoding, and Logical Reasoning/Assumptions.

RRB_ALP_STAGE_Ist_SOLVED_PAPERS_LATEST_15_SETS_2025_ENGLISH_MEDIUM

RRB_ALP_STAGE_Ist_SOLVED_PAPERS_LATEST_15_SETS_2025_ENGLISH_MEDIUM.pdf," is a collection of solved papers for the Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) Assistant Loco Pilot (ALP) CBT Stage-Ist exam.Publication Details:Chief Editor: Anand K. MahajanCompiled & Written by: YCT Exam Expert TeamPublisher: YCT Publications Pvt. Ltd.Editorial Office: 12, Church Lane Prayagraj-211002Content Overview (Solved Papers from 2024 Exam):The document contains solved papers with explanations for the 2024 RRB ALP exam. The content listed includes papers from various shifts across multiple dates in November 2024:November 25, 2024: Shift-I (Pages 3-13), Shift-II (Pages 14-24), Shift-III (Pages 25-34)November 26, 2024: Shift-I (Pages 35-45), Shift-II (Pages 46-56), Shift-III (Pages 57-66)November 27, 2024: Shift-I (Pages 67-76), Shift-II (Pages 77-86), Shift-III (Pages 87-96)November 28, 2024: Shift-I (Pages 97-106), Shift-II (Pages 107-116), Shift-III (Pages 117-127)November 29, 2024: Shift-I (Pages 128-138), Shift-II (Pages 139-149), Shift-III (Pages 150-160)Sample Questions and Answers (Shift-I, 25-11-2024):Electric devices like electric kettles and irons are based on the heating effect of electric current.The Delhi High Court issued a notice regarding a plea for 33% reservation for women lawyers in Bar Council elections in 2024.The National Awards in Science, Technology, and Innovation, known as 'Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar,' were announced in four categories.Cyclone Remal triggered storms, flash floods, and landslips in the northeastern states of India in 2024.The dispersed phase in jelly is the liquid phase.

RAILWAY TOP 300 QUESTIONS FINAL BOOK

RAILWAY TOP 300 QUESTIONS FINAL is a bilingual (Hindi and English) collection of Mathematics Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) asked in various railway exams from 2024 to 2025, published by ADITYA RANJAN PUBLICATIONS.Key Features and Content:Content: The book contains the 'TOP 300 Maths Questions' and provides 'Short & Smart Solutions'.Target Audience: It is aimed at 'RAILWAY EXAMS 2026'.Author: Aditya Ranjan Sir (Selected as Excise Inspector).Structure: It is organized into 27 chapters, with a detailed Index on pages 2 and 3.Chapters Covered:Core Arithmetic: Percentage (प्रतिशतता), Profit and Loss (लाभ और हानि), Discount (छूट), Simple Interest (साधारण ब्याज), Compound Interest (चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज), Ratio & Proportion (अनुपात और समानुपात), Average (औसत).Other Topics: Time and Work (समय और कार्य), Pipe and Cistern (नल और टंकी), Time and Distance (समय और दूरी), Train (रेलगाड़ी), Number System (संख्या पद्धति), Algebra (बीजगणित), Trigonometry (त्रिकोणमिति), Geometry (ज्यामिति), Mensuration (क्षेत्रमिति), Statistics (सांख्यिकी), Probability (प्रायिकता).Sample Questions and Solutions: The document includes questions and detailed solutions for the first few problems in the Percentage, Profit and Loss, Discount, Simple Interest, and Compound Interest chapters.

UPSI 2025 E-Book

UPSI 2025 E-Book is a preparation resource for the UPSI Exam 2025-26, focused on Maths and Reasoning, published by Aditya Ranjan Publications.Key features of the E-Book include:It contains 05 Super Exclusive Sample Papers.It provides a revision of complete Mathematics and Reasoning through 400 questions.The content is a collection of Previous Year Questions (PYQS) and Expected Questions for the UPSI Exam.It's a compilation of all exams conducted by UPSI in the past year.The book is authored by Aditya Ranjan Sir (Excise Inspector).The Index outlines the 5 sample sets, each containing 80 questions on Mathematical Abilities and Reasoning & General Intelligence, for a total of 400 questions. Each set of 80 questions has a duration of 75 minutes and a maximum of 200 marks. The document provides the Answer Keys for all 35 Mathematical Abilities questions and all 45 Reasoning & General Intelligence questions. Detailed solutions are also provided for several questions.Other relevant information:There is a reference to other related books from Aditya Ranjan Publications for UP-SI Daroga (Hindi and English medium, 2025-26 Special Edition Maths), covering 2000+ questions in a Type-wise and Level-wise format with Short Tricks & Smart Solutions.

Railway Science Book

Railway Science English is a General Science guide for Railway Exams 2026, published by ADITYA RANJAN PUBLICATIONS. It covers Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, featuring the "Top 500 Topicwise Ques. Detailed Explanation asked From 2024 to 2025". The content is useful for exams like ALP, TECHNICIAN, GROUP D, NTPC, JE, and RPF.Physics Topics and Key Concepts Covered:Units & Dimensions (14 questions):Fundamental units are used to measure fundamental physical quantities.A system of units includes both fundamental and derived units.SI units include: Length is Meter (m), Energy is Joule (J), Frequency is Hertz (Hz), and Pressure is Pascal (Pa) or Nm⁻².Dimensional formula for Density.One carat is equal to 200 milligrams.Motion (16 questions):Distance is the total path length covered.Displacement is zero when the initial and final positions are the same.An object in uniform motion follows a straight line path (rectilinear motion).Special theory of relativity applies to inertial frames.Force (14 questions):Gravitational force is a non-contact force controlling celestial motion.Newton's first law (law of inertia) states an object remains in its state of rest or motion unless an external force is applied.Newton's second law is F=ma.Impulse is the product of force and time, equal to the change in momentum.An object bounces back in water because the buoyancy force is greater than the gravitational force.Work, Energy & Power (14 questions):1 erg equals 10^-7J.Work is done when a force causes displacement in the direction of the force.Mechanical energy is the sum of Potential Energy (due to position) and Kinetic Energy (due to motion).Kinetic Energy (KE) depends on mass and the square of velocity.Power is the rate of doing work or energy transfer.Gravity (13 questions):The radius of the Earth is approximately 6400 km.Gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.The acceleration due to gravity ('g') is more at the poles than at the equator.Mass is a scalar quantity, while weight is a vector quantity dependent on gravity.The gravitational force between the Moon and the Earth causes tides.Sound & Waves (8 questions):Waves in a string are produced by periodic oscillatory motion.The crest of a wave is the point of maximum disturbance.Sound waves in air are an example of longitudinal waves.If air temperature increases, the speed of sound and the minimum distance to hear an echo both increase.Infrasound frequencies are below 20 Hz.Sonar uses acoustic waves to locate objects in the ocean.Electric Current (28 questions):According to Ohm's law, a voltage-current graph is a straight line.Resistance opposes the flow of current.Lowest resistance is achieved with short length and large cross-sectional area.In most conductors, resistance increases with temperature.Removing a resistor in a series circuit causes the current to become zero.Total resistance in a parallel combination is always less than the minimum resistance.Electric appliances like irons and toasters are based on the thermal effect of electric current.A rheostat is a variable resistor.A fuse prevents excessive current flow.Magnetism (24 questions):Earth's magnetism is caused by the dynamo effect.A compass needle deflects near a bar magnet because the needle is a small bar magnet itself.Magnetic field lines form closed loops, emerge from the north pole, enter the south pole outside the magnet, and do not intersect.Fleming's left hand rule determines the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.Fleming's right hand rule determines the direction of induced current.The strength of the magnetic field inside a current-carrying solenoid is the same at all points.A charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field follows a helical path.Electromagnetic Induction (5 questions):Self-induction is the induction of EMF in a coil due to a change in its own current.Induced current is maximum when the coil's motion is 90^\circ (perpendicular) to the magnetic field.An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.Potential difference is induced in a closed coil when either the bar magnet or the coil moves relative to the other.

RAILWAY NTPC & ALP CBT-02 2025

"RAILWAY NTPC & ALP CBT-02 2025 (FINAL PDF)". It is a special math e-book by Aditya Ranjan Publications and Aditya Ranjan Sir (Selected as Excise Inspector).The practice set contains 8 sets of original question papers with short and smart solutions.Content Overview:Total Questions: 245.Sets Included:RRB NTPC CBT-II 13/10/2025 (Shift-01) - 35 Questions.RRB NTPC CBT-II 13/10/2025 (Shift-02) - 35 Questions.RRB NTPC UGL CBT-II 20/12/2025 - 35 Questions.RRB ALP CBT-II 19/03/2025 (Shift-01) - 29 Questions.RRB ALP CBT-II 02/05/2025 (Shift-01) - 29 Questions.RRB ALP CBT-II 02/05/2025 (Shift-02) - 26 Questions.RRB ALP CBT-II 06/05/2025 (Shift-01) - 28 Questions.RRB ALP CBT-II 06/05/2025 (Shift-02) - 28 Questions.The document provides questions and their corresponding solutions and answer keys for the included sets.It also promotes other books by Aditya Ranjan Sir, including:Railway Maths (English and Hindi Medium, 3500+ MCQS Chapter-wise).Railway General Studies (English and Hindi Medium, Theory + One Liners & 4500+ PYQs).Railway General Science (English and Hindi Medium, 5000+ Chapter-Wise)."Brahmaastra" Complete Maths Formula Book (English and Hindi Medium).Practice workbooks for RRB NTPC CBT-01 (Graduate and Non-Graduate) and RRB Group-D Exam.

RAILWAY EXAM 2026 (E-BOOK) VIDEO SOLUTIONS

"RAILWAY EXAM 2026 (E-BOOK) VIDEO SOLUTIONS" published by ADITYA RANJAN PUBLICATIONS. It contains Maths practice sets for various railway exams.Key features and content include:Practice Sets: The e-book includes 22 Practice Sets for the Railway Exam 2026.Practice Sets 1-5 each have 30 questions.Practice Sets 6-10 each have 25 questions.Practice Sets 11-15 each have 20 questions.Practice Sets 16-19 each have 25 or 35 questions.Practice Sets 20-22 each have 35 questions.The total number of questions is 590.Questions: The content features over 500 top-quality questions with video solutions, based on the latest exam pattern. Specific questions are included from previous railway exams, such as RRB ALP CBT-2, RRB Technician G-3, RPF Constable, NTPC CBT-1, RPF SI, RRB JE, and RRB ALP & TECH.Video Solutions: There are links to scan a code to join Aditya Ranjan Sir on social media and links to watch the complete video solutions for the questions.Publisher/Author: The publication is by Aditya Ranjan Publications, and the author is Aditya Ranjan Sir (Selected as Excise Inspector).Contact/App: Users can download the RG VIKRAMJEET APP and join the Telegram channel @arpublications or Maths by Aditya Ranjan.Other Books: The last page shows other books available from the same publisher on Railway Maths, General Studies, and General Science, in both Hindi and English medium.

SSC Constable (GD) Recruitment Exam 2021

This document is a study guide for the SSC Constable (GD) Recruitment Exam 2021. The exam recruits for forces including BSF, NIA, CISF, ITBP, SSB, CRPF, and ASSAM RIFLES.Content and Structure:Main Subjects Covered: General Intelligence & Reasoning, Elementary Mathematics, General Knowledge & Awareness, and English.Solved Papers Included: Solved papers from 2018, 2015, and 2013.Detailed Contents:General Intelligence and Reasoning, covering topics like Analogy, Classification, Series, and Coding and Decoding.General Knowledge and General Awareness, covering History, Geography, Indian Polity, Economy, and Science.Elementary Mathematics, including Number System, Fractions, HCF and LCM, Percentage, and Mensuration.General English, with sections on Spotting Errors, Sentence Completion, Idioms and Phrases, and Comprehension.Exam Pattern (Computer Based Examination):Total Questions & Marks: 100 questions carrying 100 marks.Duration: 90 minutes.Composition:Part-A: General Intelligence and Reasoning (25 Questions, 25 Marks).Part-B: General Knowledge and General Awareness (25 Questions, 25 Marks).Part-C: Elementary Mathematics (25 Questions, 25 Marks).Part-D: English/Hindi (25 Questions, 25 Marks).Format: All questions will be Objective Multiple Choice Type, conducted in English and Hindi only.Level: The questions will be of Matriculation level.Current Affairs: The document includes a section on Current Affairs (NATIONAL and INTERNATIONAL), covering events like the Union Budget 2021-22, Economic Survey 2020-21, recent Missile Tests, Armed Forces Exercises, and global events like the US presidential inauguration.

DFCCIL Executive Electrical Engineering Solved Papers

Summary: A specialized practice book containing solved examination papers from 2016 to 2023 for the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL) Executive role.Key Points:Exam Structure: Outlines the syllabus for CBT-I (Mathematics, Science, Reasoning) and CBT-II (96 technical questions on Power Systems, Machines, and Electronics).Technical Content: Detailed solutions for electrical engineering concepts such as DC transmission systems, motor starters, and insulating materials for cables.General Awareness: Includes solved GK questions from the 2023 paper regarding the Green Revolution, G20 summit, and the Preamble of the Constitution.Practice Sets: Contains 10 full-length practice sets to simulate the actual exam environment.

2025 Sports Current Affairs

Summary: A review of major sports tournaments, winners, and medal tallies for the 2024-2025 period.Key Points:Tennis: Carlos Alcaraz won the Men's Singles at the 2025 US Open and French Open, while Jannik Sinner won at Wimbledon 2025.Cricket: Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) won their first IPL title in 18 years in 2025, and India won the ICC Champions Trophy 2025.Chess: Gukesh D became the youngest World Chess Champion at age 18 in 2024.Medal Tallies: India topped the medal tables at the Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships 2025 and the Asian Shooting Championships.

2025 State Scheme Current Affairs

Summary: A state-wise breakdown of welfare initiatives launched by various Indian state governments to address regional social and economic needs.Key Points:West Bengal: Launched the Shramshree Scheme to provide monthly assistance of ₹5,000 to returning migrant workers.Bihar: Introduced the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana to promote self-employment by providing an initial ₹10,000 to one woman per family.Kerala: Implemented India's first project to dispose of unused medicines scientifically, named nPROUD.Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra: Signed an MoU for the Tapti Basin Mega Recharge Project to divert water for drinking and irrigation.

2024-25 Central Scheme Current Affairs

Summary: A detailed overview of active and newly launched Union Government schemes, their budgets, and primary objectives.Key Points:Education & Employment: The MERITE Scheme was approved with ₹4,200 crore to boost technical education, and the PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana aims to generate 3.5 crore jobs.Tribal Welfare: The PM-JUGA Mission (PM Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan) was approved with a massive outlay of ₹79,156 crore to benefit 5 crore tribal people.Financial Inclusion: PM Jan Dhan Yojana marked 11 years in 2025, with total beneficiaries crossing 56.16 crore.Green Energy: The PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana provides up to 300 units of free electricity monthly via rooftop solar panels.

2024-2025 Books and Authors Current Affairs

Summary: A comprehensive guide to the most significant books released or awarded in 2024 and 2025, prepared for competitive exam static GK.Key Points:Award Winners: Samantha Harvey won the Booker Prize 2024 for her novel Orbital.Political & Diplomatic Works: Features Why Bharat Matters by Dr. S. Jaishankar and Parliament: Powers, Functions & Privileges by K.S. Chauhan.Biographies: Includes Manoj Bajpayee: The Definitive Biography by Piyush Pandey and Droupadi Murmu: From Tribal Hinterlands to Raisina Hills by Kasturi Ray.Literary Giants: Covers The Golden Years by Ruskin Bond and Smoke and Ashes by Amitav Ghosh.

All Dance Forms MCQs (SSC 2021-2022)

Summary: A compilation of 202 multiple-choice questions regarding Indian classical and folk dances that appeared in TCS-conducted SSC exams between 2021 and 2022.Key Points:Classification: Lavani is frequently used in exams as an example of a dance form that is not officially listed as a classical dance in India.Pioneers: Uday Shankar is credited with creating the "Hi-dance," which he later renamed "Creative Dance".Regional Specialties: The Jhumur dance is performed by the "Kulis" (tea garden workers) in Assam during the autumn season.Classical Exponents: Highlights famous figures like Birju Maharaj (Kathak) and the duo Radha and Raja Reddy (Kuchipudi).

Census 2025 Question & Answer

Summary: A collection of practice MCQs for the SSC GD 2025 exam, specifically focusing on complex and frequently tested Census 2011 data.Key Points:Migration Trends: According to the 2011 Census, "Rural to Rural" migration represents the highest percentage of migration streams.Tribal Literacy: The literacy rate for Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India is identified as 59.00%.Administrative Authority: The Central Government holds the power to appoint the Census Commissioner for estimating ST populations under specific bills like the Goa Bill 2024.Demographic Metrics: Includes practice questions on population density (382 persons/km²) and female literacy rates.

Census of India 2011

Summary: A data-heavy reference sheet summarizing the primary demographic findings of the Census of India, primarily from 2011, focusing on state and district rankings.Key Points:Population Leaders: Uttar Pradesh is the state with the highest population, while Sikkim has the lowest.Density & Literacy: Bihar has the highest population density (1,106 per sq km), and the national literacy rate is recorded at 74.04%.Sex Ratio: Kerala holds the highest sex ratio (1,084 females per 1,000 males), whereas Haryana has the lowest (877).Urban vs. Rural: The urban population in India stands at 31.1%, with the rural population at 68.9%.

Census of India Concepts (Telugu Version)

Summary: A Telugu-language guide explaining complex demographic metrics and providing key data points from the 2011 Census.Key Points:Defines vital statistics such as Population Growth Rate, Birth Rate (CBR), and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).Records 2011 core data: total population of 121 crores, literacy rate of 73%, and a sex ratio of 943.Breaks down demographic groups into categories like productive population (ages 15-60) and socio-economic classifications.

Census of India (Conceptual Guide)

Summary: A foundational document explaining the constitutional framework, historical timeline, and procedural phases of the Indian census.Key Points:Traces the history of census-taking from its start in 1872 to the first synchronous census in 1881.Outlines the two major phases: Housing Census (House listing) and Population Enumeration.Explains the role of the census in demarcating constituencies and determining political representation for SC/ST communities.Notes that the census is conducted decennially by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Fairs and Festivals (SSC Static GK)

Summary: A specialized resource focusing on India’s most significant fairs (Melas) and their specific geographical venues.Key Points:Catalogs world-famous gatherings like the Kumbh Mela, Ambubachi Mela (Assam), and Sonepur Cattle Fair (Bihar).Lists essential regional fairs such as the Medaram Jatara (Telangana) and Surajkund Handicraft Mela (Haryana).Highlights state-specific cultural events like Bastar Dussehra and the Thrissur Pooram.

Important Festivals in India (Telugu Version)

Summary: A regional language guide providing in-depth cultural context for major Indian festivals for Telugu-speaking students.Key Points:Offers extensive details on regional celebrations like Brahmotsavam (Andhra Pradesh) and Bathukamma (Telangana).Categorizes various New Year celebrations across the country, such as Ugadi, Gudi Padwa, and Vishu.Includes practice questions based on previous SSC exams to highlight high-yield topics.

Festivals of India (Comprehensive Guide)

Summary: An annual guide that uses mnemonic "tricks" and regional grouping to help students learn India's diverse cultural and harvest festivals.Key Points:Details major harvest celebrations across India, including Onam (Kerala), Pongal (Tamil Nadu), and Baisakhi (Punjab).Features prominent tribal events like Nagaland’s Hornbill Festival, known as the "Festival of Festivals".Provides insights into seasonal fairs like the Pushkar Fair in Rajasthan and Losar in Sikkim.Explains the religious significance of events like Chhath Puja (Bihar) and Ganesh Chaturthi (Maharashtra).

Folk Dances in Indian States (Reference List)

Summary: A state-wise exhaustive list of folk dances that includes both well-known and rare regional tribal dances.Key Points:Highlights unique tribal performances like the Lion & Peacock dance of Arunachal Pradesh and Karma of Jharkhand.Covers ritualistic and festive dances such as Theyyam (Kerala), Yakshagana (Karnataka), and Ghoomar (Rajasthan).Includes regional variations like Bihu (Assam) and Charkula (Uttar Pradesh).

Folk Dances of India (Top 50 MCQs)

Summary: A targeted GK guide summarizing the most frequently asked questions about India's folk and classical dance forms.Key Points:Lists the eight officially recognized classical dances, including Sattriya (Assam) and Mohiniyattam (Kerala).Details essential regional folk dances like Matki (Madhya Pradesh), Rouf (Jammu & Kashmir), and Nautanki (Uttar Pradesh).Profiles famous classical exponents such as Kelucharan Mohapatra (Odissi) and Leela Samson (Bharatnatyam).

Music Gharanas in India Top MCQs

Summary: A focused practice resource containing multiple-choice questions on musical gharanas designed for competitive exam preparation.Key Points:Features critical artist-dance associations, such as Birju Maharaj with the Kalka-Bindadin Gharana and Kathak dance.Provides award timelines and biographies for legendary figures like Prabha Atre and Bismillah Khan.Offers a structured overview of founders for major gharanas like Agra, Mewati, and Atrauli.

Musicians & Gharanas (Vocal & Instrumental)

Summary: A comprehensive guide detailing Indian classical music lineages (Gharanas), their founders, and legendary performers across vocal and instrumental traditions.Key Points:Identifies the Gwalior Gharana as the oldest Hindustani vocal lineage, founded in the 19th century by Nathan Peerbaksh.Highlights iconic masters such as Pandit Bhimsen Joshi (Kirana Gharana) and Pandit Jasraj (Mewati Gharana), noting their prestigious awards like the Bharat Ratna.Covers instrumental maestros like Bismillah Khan (Shehnai/Banaras Gharana) and Pandit Ravi Shankar (Sitar/Banaras).Explains the historical importance of the Patiala Gharana in establishing Khayal, Thumri, and Ghazal styles.

Indian Temples Top MCQ Part 1

Summary: A part-one collection of multiple-choice questions focusing on temple locations, deities, and special features.Key Points:Covers the Suryanarayana (Arasavalli) and Ranganath Swami temples.Explains unique traditions, such as the sandalwood paste ritual at the Simhachalam temple.Provides foundational GK for exams like UPSC, BPSC, and Railway on India's religious heritage

Classical & Folk Dances Of India (Telugu Version)

Summary: A guide to Indian classical and folk dances, written in Telugu for regional learners.Key Points:Lists the nine official classical dances, including Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Sattriya.Groups folk dances by state, providing a comprehensive list for competitive exam preparation in Telugu-speaking regions.Emphasizes the state origins for each dance form (e.g., Kuchipudi for Andhra Pradesh).

Detailed Guide to Indian Temples

Summary: A concentrated guide on specific temples, primarily those in Andhra Pradesh and Assam, with historical construction details.Key Points:Provides in-depth info on the Venkateswara Temple (Tirumala) and Srisailam’s Mallikarjuna Temple.Notes historical builders, such as the Veerabhadra Temple at Lepakshi built by governors of the Vijayanagara Empire.Covers the Kamakhya temple in Guwahati and its spiritual significance.Lists rare features like the sandalwood-covered idol at the Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Temple.

Important Questions on Temples in India

Summary: A collection of high-yield static GK questions about Indian temples, including recent news and UNESCO nominations.Key Points:Mentions the recent UNESCO nomination of the Hoysala temples (Belur, Halebid, and Somnathapura) for 2022-23.Features details on the Ramappa Temple, which is India's 39th World Heritage Site.Focuses on key regional temples like the Meenakshi Temple (Tamil Nadu) and the Mahabodhi Temple (Bihar).Includes specific facts such as Tirupati Balaji being located on seven hills and featuring Dravidian architecture.

Temples & Monuments in India

Summary: A visual and factual guide to major Indian temples, focusing on their architecture and locations.Key Points:Explains the three main architectural styles: Dravid (South), Nagar (North), and Vesar (Mixed).Covers major spiritual sites like Akshardham (New Delhi), Prem Mandir (Vrindavan), and Kedarnath (Uttarakhand).Provides historical data on temple founders, such as the Sun Temple of Konark built by King Narasimha Dev.Highlights UNESCO World Heritage sites like the Khajuraho Temple and the Kailash Temple of Ellora.

Musicians & Instruments Part 2

Summary: An extension of the musician's guide with more detailed MCQs and additional legendary performers.Key Points:Highlights female pioneers like M.S. Subbulakshmi (first musician to receive Bharat Ratna) and Annapurna Devi (Surbahar).Covers classical singers like Pandit Jasraj (Mewati Gharana) and Prabha Atre (Kirana Gharana).Provides a mix of Hindustani and Carnatic music information for competitive exams like CGL and Railway.Features detailed trivia on instrument-specific maestros like Hariprasad Chaurasia (Flute) and Amjad Ali Khan (Sarod).

Musicians & Instruments (Top MCQs)

Summary: A study guide focusing on famous Indian musicians, their instruments, and the awards they have received.Key Points:Profiles iconic figures such as Pandit Ravi Shankar (Sitar), Zakir Hussain (Tabla), and Bismillah Khan (Shehnai).Details major awards like the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, and Sangeet Natak Akademi awards for key musicians.Includes information on different "Gharanas" (musical lineages), such as the Banaras and Kirana gharanas.Categorized by instrument types: Stringed (Sarangi), Percussion (Tabla, Mridangam), and Wind (Flute, Shehnai).

Trick to Remember Folk Dances of India

Summary: A quick revision guide that uses mnemonic images to help students memorize over 250 folk dances of India.Key Points:Designed for rapid learning, claiming a revision time of less than 15 minutes.Uses a "question mark clue" methodology to trigger recall for various state dances.Detailed lists include dances from Jammu & Kashmir (Rauf, Hikit), Rajasthan (Ghoomar, Kalbelia), and Goa (Shigmo, Dekhni).Provides links to video tutorials for a more interactive learning experience.

SSC Multi Tasking Staff (Non-Technical) Solved Papers

Summary: A comprehensive guide containing year-wise solved papers for the SSC MTS exam covering a seven-year period.Key Points:Includes fully solved papers for the years 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018.Covers four major exam sections: General Intelligence & Reasoning, Numerical Aptitude, English Language, and General Awareness.Provides detailed grammatical explanations and meanings for English section solutions.Offers a practice-oriented approach for candidates preparing for non-technical government roles.

SSC MTS 2024 Reasoning Questions

Summary: A specialized collection of reasoning questions from the SSC MTS 2024 exam, organized by difficulty level.Key Points:Authored by Gagan Pratap Sir to assist students in mastering competitive reasoning.Questions are categorized from "Hardest" to "Easiest" based on student performance data.Covers diverse topics including seating arrangements, number series, syllogisms, and figure completion.Includes "Right" and "Wrong" percentage statistics for each question to show its relative difficulty.

8th Class Telugu

Title: Telugu Navavasantham-3 (తెలుగు నవవసంతం-3) – Class 8.Introduction: This textbook aims to enrich the student's literary taste and cultural pride through a selection of classical poetry and modern prose.Key Points:Amma Odhi: A beautiful poem celebrating the selfless love and importance of a mother.Shataka Saurabham: Ethical verses that guide students on character and social conduct.Telugu Velugu: Lessons that highlight the greatness and history of the Telugu language.Grammar: Detailed study of Alankaras, Chandassu, and sentence structures to prepare students for higher-level Telugu literature.

8th Class Social Studies - Geography

Title: Resources and Development – Class VIII Geography.Introduction: This textbook focuses on the utilization and conservation of natural and human resources, emphasizing sustainable development.Key Points:Resources: Classifies resources into natural, human-made, and human resources.Land, Soil, Water: Discusses land-use patterns, soil formation, and the global water crisis.Agriculture: Explores types of farming (subsistence vs. commercial) and major crops like rice, wheat, and cotton.Industries: Analyzes the factors affecting industrial location and the distribution of major industries like Iron and Steel.

8th Class Social Studies - History

Title: Our Pasts-III – Class VIII History.Introduction: Focuses on modern Indian history, specifically the period of colonial rule and the eventual rise of the national movement for independence.Key Points:From Trade to Territory: Traces how the East India Company gained political power in India.Ruling the Countryside: Discusses the permanent settlement and the impact of colonial land revenue policies.When People Rebel (1857): Covers the causes and consequences of the 1857 revolt.The Making of the National Movement: Details the phases of the struggle from 1870 to 1947.

8th Class Social Studies - Politics

Title: Social and Political Life-III – Class VIII Politics.Introduction: This book introduces students to the functioning of the Indian Constitution and the role of the judiciary and government in protecting citizen rights.Key Points:The Indian Constitution: Explains why a country needs a constitution and the key features like Federalism and Separation of Powers.Parliament and the Making of Laws: Discusses why people should decide and the roles of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha.The Judiciary: Covers the structure of courts in India and the concept of Independent Judiciary.Social Justice and the Marginalised: Focuses on the struggles of Adivasis and Dalits for equality.

8th Class Mathematics - Semester 2

Title: Mathematics (గణితశాస్త్రం) – Class VIII, Semester 2.Introduction: The second semester delves into geometry, mensuration, and exponents, providing tools to solve complex spatial and numerical problems.Key Points:Squares and Square Roots / Cubes and Cube Roots: Covers methods to find roots, including prime factorization and long division.Comparing Quantities: Deals with ratios, percentages, profit and loss, and compound interest calculations.Mensuration: Focuses on the area of trapeziums and polygons, and the surface area and volume of cubes, cuboids, and cylinders.Exponents and Powers: Explains the laws of exponents and how to express very small or large numbers in standard form.

8th Class Mathematics - Semester 1

Title: Mathematics (గణితశాస్త్రం) – Class VIII, Semester 1.Introduction: This semester focuses on foundational algebraic and numerical concepts, transitioning students from basic arithmetic to more abstract mathematical reasoning.Key Points:Rational Numbers: Covers properties like closure, commutativity, and associativity, and how to represent these numbers on a number line.Linear Equations in One Variable: Teaches how to solve equations where the highest power of the variable is one, applied to various word problems.Understanding Quadrilaterals: Explores polygons, specifically the properties of parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, and squares.Data Handling: Introduces organized data representation through frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, and pie charts.

8th Class Hindi - Second Language

Title: Durva (దూర్వా) / Vasant (వసంత్) – Hindi Textbook for Class 8.Introduction: The Class 8 Hindi curriculum aims to strengthen the student's command over the language through classic literature and contemporary essays, fostering a sense of national integration.Key Points:Dhvani: A motivational poem by Nirala that encourages the youth to stay vibrant and purposeful.Lakh ki Chudiyan: A story highlighting the shift from traditional handicrafts to industrialization and its impact on rural artisans.Bus ki Yatra: A satirical take on the crumbling public transport system.Bharat ki Khoj: Often included as supplementary reading, providing a condensed history of India's civilization.

8th Class English - Supplementary Reader

Title: It So Happened... – Supplementary Reader in English for Class VIII.Introduction: This reader is intended to promote extensive reading habits. It contains engaging stories that are slightly longer and more complex, helping students improve their reading speed and comprehension.Key Points:How the Camel Got His Hump: A classic Rudyard Kipling "Just So" story about laziness and its consequences.The Treasure Within: An interview-based lesson featuring architect Hafeez Sorab, emphasizing that every child has a unique talent.Jalebis: A humorous story about a boy’s honesty, temptation, and the lessons learned from a simple mistake.

8th Class English Textbook

Title: Honeydew – Textbook in English for Class VIII.Introduction: This textbook is designed to develop language proficiency through a rich mix of prose and poetry. It encourages students to explore diverse themes such as history, nature, and human emotions while enhancing their vocabulary and analytical skills.Key Points:The Best Christmas Present in the World: A touching story set against the backdrop of World War I, highlighting the human longing for peace.The Tsunami: Relates brave and harrowing accounts of survival and loss during the 2004 natural disaster.Glimpses of the Past: Uses pictorial narratives to explain the history of India's struggle for independence from 1757 to 1857.Poetry: Includes famous works like "The Ant and the Cricket" (fable) and "The School Boy," focusing on moral lessons and childhood experiences.

9th Class Telugu - First Language

Title: Telugu Parimalam (తెలుగు పరిమళం) – Telugu Reader Class 9.Introduction: This textbook is designed to foster a deep appreciation for the Telugu language and its diverse literary forms. It aims to develop linguistic proficiency while instilling moral, ethical, and cultural values. The curriculum moves away from rote memorization, focusing instead on creative expression, critical thinking, and the application of language in real-life contexts.Key Points:Shataka Madhuryam: Introduces moral and social values through various Shatakas (collections of 100 poems). These poems teach ethics, character building, and social responsibility.Prerana (Inspiration): Focuses on the life and achievements of great personalities (like A.P.J. Abdul Kalam) to inspire students toward hard work and scientific thinking.Environment and Nature: Lessons like Valasapuli and others emphasize the importance of biodiversity and the need to protect the environment.Historical and Cultural Heritage: Explores the rich history of the Telugu people, including their art forms, festivals, and the significance of various geographical regions in Andhra Pradesh.Language Skills: Detailed sections on Telugu grammar (Vyakarana), including Sandhi, Samasa, and Alankaras, to strengthen the student's foundation in the classical and modern language.Literary Genres: Exposes students to various genres such as Prabandha, Katha (Story), Vyasamu (Essay), and Natakam (Drama).

Class 9th Telugu - Supplementary Reader

Title: Telugu Parimalam (తెలుగు పరిమళం) – Telugu Supplementary Reader Class 9.Introduction: This reader is designed to supplement the main language textbook, using stories and literary pieces to enhance language skills and cultural understanding.Key Points:Focuses on moral stories, historical narratives, and biographical sketches that reflect the heritage of Andhra Pradesh.Intended to improve reading fluency and creative expression through engaging vernacular literature.

Class 9th Physical Science - Semester 2

Title: Physical Science (భౌతిక రసాయన శాస్త్రం) – Class 9, Semester.Introduction: Building on the principles of physics and chemistry, this volume encourages scientific inquiry into the causes of motion and the governing laws of the physical universe.Key Points:Force and Laws of Motion: Explains Galileo’s ideas and Newton’s three laws of motion4040. It introduces the law of inertia and the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F=ma).Gravitation: Covers the universal law of gravitation and how the weight of an object is the force with which the earth attracts it42. It also explains buoyancy (upthrust) and why objects float or sink.Work and Energy: Defines work and the law of conservation of energy. It explores different forms of energy, including kinetic and potential energy.Sound: Describes sound as a wave produced by vibrating objects that requires a medium for propagation.

Class 9th Biology

Title: Biology– Class 9.Introduction: This book serves as a guide to the microscopic and macroscopic world of living organisms, emphasizing that students should be active participants in discovering biological truths.Key Points:The Fundamental Unit of Life: Introduces the cell, its organelles, and functions like the role of vacuoles.Tissues: Differentiates between plant tissues (meristematic and permanent) and animal tissues. It explains "differentiation"—the process where cells take up permanent shapes and functions.Improvement in Food Resources: Discusses modern agricultural practices, nutrient management (macro and micro nutrients), and sustainable farming methods like organic manuring and vermicompost

last 10 Years of NTPC General Science

గత 10 సంవత్సరాలలో NTPC పరీక్షల్లో వచ్చిన జనరల్ సైన్స్ ప్రశ్నల యొక్క తెలుగు మీడియం సంకలనం. ఇందులో భౌతిక శాస్త్రం, రసాయన శాస్త్రం, జీవశాస్త్రం, కంప్యూటర్ మరియు పర్యావరణం అనే 5 సబ్జెక్టుల నుండి 3000+ ప్రశ్నలు ఉన్నాయి.ముఖ్య అంశాలు మరియు ప్రమాణాలు (Units):SI ప్రాథమిక రాశులు మరియు ప్రమాణాలుఇంటర్నేషనల్ సిస్టం ఆఫ్ యూనిట్స్ (SI) లో 7 పరస్పర స్వతంత్ర ప్రాథమిక రాశులు ఉన్నాయి: పొడవు (మీటర్), ద్రవ్యరాశి (కిలోగ్రాము), కాలం (సెకను), విద్యుత్ ప్రవాహం (ఆంపియర్), ఉష్ణోగ్రత (కెల్విన్), పదార్థ పరిమాణం (మోల్) మరియు ప్రకాశ తీవ్రత (కాండెలా).ప్రాథమిక రాశుల ప్రమాణాలను 'ప్రాథమిక లేదా ఆధార ప్రమాణాలు' అని పిలుస్తారు.కొలత ప్రమాణాలు (Units of Measurement)శక్తి యొక్క SI ప్రమాణం: జౌల్ (J).బలం యొక్క SI ప్రమాణం: న్యూటన్ (N) లేదా kg m/s².పీడనం యొక్క SI ప్రమాణం: పాస్కల్ (Pa) లేదా న్యూటన్/m².పౌనఃపున్యం యొక్క SI ప్రమాణం: హెర్జ్ (Hz).ధ్వని తీవ్రత యొక్క SI ప్రమాణం: వాట్/చదరపు మీటరు (W/m²).రేడియోధార్మికత యొక్క సంప్రదాయ ప్రమాణం: క్యూరీ (Ci). 1 క్యూరీ = సెకనుకు 3.7×10¹⁰ రేడియోధార్మిక క్షీణతలు.ఒక క్యారెట్ విలువ: 200 మిల్లీగ్రాములు లేదా 0.2 గ్రాములు.కాంతి సంవత్సరం: దూరం యొక్క ప్రమాణం.కొలిచే పరికరాలు (Measuring Instruments)వాతావరణ పీడనాన్ని కొలవడానికి: బారోమీటర్.గాలి వేగం మరియు సామర్ధ్యాన్ని కొలవడానికి: ఎనిమోమీటర్.తేమను కొలవడానికి: హైగ్రోమీటర్.ద్రవం యొక్క సాంద్రతను కొలవడానికి: హైడ్రోమీటర్.లై డిటెక్టర్ పరికరం: పాలిగ్రాఫ్.సముద్ర మట్టానికి ఎగువన ఉన్న వస్తువులను చూడటానికి జలాంతర్గాముల్లో ఉపయోగించేది: పెరిస్కోప్.భౌతిక రాశులు (Physical Quantities)వేగం (Velocity): పరిమాణం మరియు దిశ రెండూ ఉంటాయి (సదిశ రాశి).ద్రవ్యరాశి: పరిమాణం మాత్రమే ఉంటుంది (అదిశ రాశి).వక్రీభవన గుణకం: మితి రహిత రాశి.సాంద్రత యొక్క మితి ఫార్ములా: ML^-3.పీడనం యొక్క మితి ఫార్ములా: M L^-1T^-2.

Group - D General Science Previous Year Questions

ఈ గ్రూప్ D జనరల్ సైన్స్ గత సంవత్సర ప్రశ్నలను తెలుగు మీడియంలో కలిగి ఉంది. ఇది భౌతిక శాస్త్రం, కొలతలు/కొలత పరికరాలు, యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం, మరియు కాంతికి సంబంధించిన ప్రశ్నలు మరియు వాటి జవాబులను వివరిస్తుంది.ప్రమాణాలు/ కొలత పరికరం మరియు విద్యుత్ శక్తిప్రేరిత పొటెన్షియల్ బేధం యొక్క S.I ప్రమాణం వోల్ట్.నిరోధం యొక్క S.I ప్రమాణం ఓమ్. నిరోధం యొక్క SI ప్రమాణం వోల్ట్/యాంపియర్కు సమానం.మాగ్నిఫికేషన్/అవర్ధనంకు ప్రమాణం లేదు.విద్యుత్ శక్తి యొక్క SI యూనిట్ జూల్.విద్యుత్ శక్తి యొక్క వాణిజ్య ప్రమాణం కిలోవాట్ అవర్.1 అశ్విక సామర్ధ్యం (Horse Power) 746 వాట్స్ (W)కు సమానం.సామర్థ్యం యొక్క ప్రమాణాలు: వాట్, జౌల్/సెకను, మరియు హార్స్ పవర్. కిలోవాట్ అవర్ అనేది శక్తి యొక్క ప్రమాణం, సామర్థ్యం ప్రమాణం కాదు.కొలత పరికరాలుహృదయ స్పందనను గుర్తించడంలో సహాయపడే పరికరం స్టెతస్కోప్.రక్తపోటును కొలవడానికి వైద్యులు ఉపయోగించే పరికరం స్పిగ్మోమానోమీటర్.యాంత్రిక శక్తిని విద్యుత్ శక్తిగా మార్చే పరికరం విద్యుత్ డైనమో.కాంతి దృగ్విషయాలుకొలోయిడల్ కణాల ద్వారా కాంతి పరిక్షేపణం అయ్యే దృగ్విషయాన్ని టిండాల్ ప్రభావం అంటారు.ఆకాశం నీలం రంగులో కనిపించడానికి కారణం తక్కువ తరంగాల పొడవు గల కాంతి పరిక్షేపణం కావడం.బాహ్య అంతరిక్షంలో వాతావరణం లేకపోవడం వల్ల కాంతి పరిక్షేపణం జరగదు, అందువల్ల వ్యోమగామికి ఆకాశం చీకటిగా/నలుపుగా కనిపిస్తుంది.ఇంద్రధనుస్సు ఏర్పడే సమయంలో వ్యాప్తి, వక్రీభవనం మరియు అంతర్గత పరావర్తనం యొక్క దృగ్విషయాలు పాల్గొంటాయి. పరిక్షేపణం పాల్గొనదు.సూర్యోదయం లేదా సూర్యాస్తమయం సమయంలో సూర్యుడు ఎరుపు రంగులో కనిపించడానికి కారణం కాంతి పరిక్షేపణం.దర్పణాలుగోళాకార దర్పణం యొక్క ధ్రువం మరియు వక్రత యొక్క మధ్య దూరం, ధ్రువం మరియు నాభి (F) మధ్య దూరానికి రెట్టింపు ఉంటుంది (R=2f).పుటాకార దర్పణం లేదా పుటాకార కటకం యొక్క నాభి ఎల్లప్పుడూ ఋణాత్మకంగా ఉంటుంది.కుంభాకార దర్పణం ద్వారా ఏర్పడిన ప్రతిబింబం ఎల్లప్పుడూ మిధ్యా మరియు నిటారుగా ఉంటుంది.

5000+ Physics Previous Questions

5000+ రైల్వే భౌతిక శాస్త్ర ప్రశ్నలు (MCQ + పాయింటర్) తో కూడిన పుస్తకానికి సంబంధించినది, ఇది 32 సంవత్సరాల (1992-2024) గత సంవత్సరపు ప్రశ్నలను కలిగి ఉంది.పుస్తక వివరాలు మరియు సూచిక (Index):ఇందులో 1500+ సమస్యల వివరణ మరియు GDCE-2024 వరకు అందుబాటులో ఉన్న ప్రశ్నలు చాప్టర్ల వారీగా, సంవత్సరాల వారీగా ఉన్నాయి.సూచిక ప్రకారం, GDCE (-2024) ప్రశ్నలు 01-18 పేజీల్లో, చాప్టర్ల వారీగా గత సంవత్సర ప్రశ్నలు 19-396 పేజీల్లో, మరియు సంవత్సరాల వారీగా పాయింటర్ 397-484 పేజీల్లో ఉన్నాయి.ముఖ్యమైన భౌతిక శాస్త్ర ప్రశ్నలు మరియు SI ప్రమాణాలు:పత్రంలో RRB GDCE -10/07/2024 పరీక్షల నుండి వచ్చిన అనేక బహుళైచ్ఛిక ప్రశ్నలు మరియు వాటి సమాధానాలు ఉన్నాయి, వాటిలో కొన్ని:బలం (Force): న్యూటన్ యొక్క రెండవ చలన నియమం ప్రకారం, బలం = ద్రవ్యరాశి X త్వరణం.త్వరణం (Acceleration): SI ప్రమాణం ${m/s}^{2}$.పని (Work): 25 N బలాన్ని ఉపయోగించి ఒక వస్తువును 20 మీటర్ల దూరం తరలించినప్పుడు చేసిన పని 500 J (పని = బలం X దూరం).శక్తి (Energy) మరియు పని (Work): వీటి SI ప్రమాణం జౌల్ (J).సామర్ధ్యం (Power): దీని SI ప్రమాణం వాట్ (Watt).నిరోధం (Resistance): దీని SI ప్రమాణం ఓమ్ ($\Omega$). దీని ప్రమాణం వోల్ట్/యాంపియర్.విద్యుత్ శక్తి యొక్క వాణిజ్య ప్రమాణం: కిలోవాట్ అవర్ (kWh).పీడనం (Pressure): దీని SI ప్రమాణం పాస్కల్ (Pa) లేదా $N/m^{2}$.బరువు (Weight): దీని SI ప్రమాణం న్యూటన్ (Newton).ద్రవ్యవేగం (Momentum): దీని ప్రమాణం $kgms^{-1}$.విద్యుత్ ప్రవాహం (Electric Current): దీని SI ప్రమాణం ఆంపియర్ (Ampere).అయస్కాంత అభివాహం (Magnetic Flux): దీని SI ప్రమాణం వెబర్ (Weber).అయస్కాంత అభివాహ సాంద్రత (Magnetic Flux Density): దీని SI ప్రమాణం టెస్లా (Tesla).కటక సామర్ధ్యం (Power of Lens): దీని SI ప్రమాణం డయాప్టర్ (Dioptre).కాంతి సంవత్సరం (Light Year): దూరాన్ని కొలిచే ప్రమాణం.ధ్వని తీవ్రత (Sound Intensity): దీనిని డెసిబెల్ (Decibel)లో కొలుస్తారు.

9th Class Social Science (Economics)

Title: Economics (అర్థశాస్త్రం) – Class 9.Introduction: This textbook introduces basic economic concepts by analyzing the livelihoods of people in rural and urban settings, fostering a rational mindset toward social development.Key Points:The Story of Village Palampur: Uses a fictional village to explain the four requirements of production: land, labour, physical capital, and human capital.People as Resource: Views the human population as a national asset. It emphasizes that investment in education and healthcare yields high future returns for society.Poverty as a Challenge: Analyzes how the poverty line is estimated and discusses regional differences in poverty reduction across Indian states.Food Security in India: Explains the importance of the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the role of buffer stocks in ensuring food availability.

physics & chemistry book by Bhagya Nagar

This physics & chemistry book by Bhagya Nagar contains class notes on Physics, covering topics like Heat, Sound, and Light.Heat (ఉష్ణం):Heat is a form of energy and always flows from higher to lower temperature.The device used to measure heat is a 'Calorimeter'.Heat transmission methods include Conduction (ఉష్ణ వాహనం), Convection (ఉష్ణ సంవహనం), and Radiation (వికిరణము).Temperature (ఉష్ణోగ్రత) is the measure of the hotness of an object. Its SI unit is Kelvin (కెల్విన్), and it is measured using a 'Thermometer'.Water has maximum density at 4 deg CSound (ధ్వని):Sound is produced by vibrating objects. The study of sound is called Acoustics (ఎకోస్టిక్స్).The SI unit of frequency (పౌనః పున్యం) is Hertz (Hz), and the SI unit of sound intensity (ధ్వని తీవ్రత) is Decibel (డెసి బెల్).Sound is classified into three types based on frequency: Infrasonic (శ్రవ్యా ధ్వనులు) (below 20 Hz), Audible (పరశ్రవ్య ధ్వనులు) (20 Hz to $20,000 Hz), and Ultrasonic (అతిధ్వనులు) (above 20,000Hz).Sound requires a medium to travel (solid, liquid, or gas). The speed of sound is highest in solids.Sound wave speed in air is 330 msec.Light (కాంతి):Light travels in a straight line.The speed of light in air or vacuum is 3 X 10^8msThe phenomenon of light separating into seven colors is called Dispersion (కాంతి విశ్లేషణం). The seven colors are denoted by VIBGYOR.Violet has the shortest wavelength and highest energy, while Red has the longest wavelength and lowest energy.Primary colors are Red, Green, and Blue (RGB).Optical Fibers and Endoscopy work on the principle of Total Internal Reflection (సంపూర్ణాంతర పరావర్తనం).

Lucent General Science: Chemistry

ఈ జీకే ఆధారిత సాధారణ శాస్త్రం రసాయన శాస్త్రంకు సంబంధించినది, ఇది అన్ని పోటీ పరీక్షల కోసం ఉద్దేశించబడింది.రసాయన శాస్త్రం పరిచయంపదార్థాల సంఘటనం, నిర్మాణం, మరియు వాటి చర్యల గురించి చదివే శాస్త్రమును 'రసాయన శాస్త్రం' అంటారు.రసాయన శాస్త్ర పితామహుడు - రాబర్ట్ బాయిల్, ఆధునిక రసాయన శాస్త్ర పితామహుడు - లెవోయిజర్ (1743-1794).పదార్థం పరమాణువుల, అణువుల సమ్మిళితం అని మొదట చెప్పిన భారతీయ తత్త్వవేత్త కణాదుడు.పరమాణు సిద్ధాంతాన్ని మొదట ప్రవేశపెట్టిన శాస్త్రవేత్త జాన్ డాల్టన్ (1808).పదార్థం యొక్క భౌతిక వర్గీకరణ: ఘన, ద్రవ, వాయు పదార్థాలు. పదార్థం యొక్క నాలుగవ స్థితి ప్లాస్మా స్థితి, ఐదవ స్థితి బోస్-ఐన్‌స్టీన్ సంక్షేపణ స్థితి.పదార్థం యొక్క రసాయన వర్గీకరణ: మిశ్రమాలు (సజాతీయ, విజాతీయ) మరియు శుద్ధ పదార్థాలు (మూలకాలు, సమ్మేళనాలు).మూలకాలు (Elements) మూడు రకాలుగా వర్గీకరించబడ్డాయి: లోహాలు, అలోహాలు, మరియు అర్ధ లోహాలు.సమ్మేళనాలు (Compounds) రెండు రకాలు: కర్బన సమ్మేళనాలు (Organic Compounds) మరియు అకర్బన సమ్మేళనాలు (Inorganic Compounds).పరమాణు నిర్మాణండాల్టన్ పరమాణు సిద్ధాంతంలోని ప్రధానాంశాలు: మూలకాలు అవిభాజ్య కణాలైన అణువులను కలిగి ఉంటాయి, ఒకే మూలకం పరమాణువులు సమానంగా ఉంటాయి, విభిన్న మూలకాల పరమాణువులు విభిన్నంగా ఉంటాయి, పరమాణువులు సృష్టించబడవు, నాశనం చేయబడవు.పరమాణువులో ఉండే మూడు ముఖ్యమైన ప్రాథమిక కణాలు: ఎలక్ట్రాన్, ప్రోటాన్, న్యూట్రాన్.ఎలక్ట్రాన్‌ను కనుగొన్నది జె.జె.థాంసన్.ధన కిరణాల ప్రయోగం జరిపిన శాస్త్రవేత్త గోల్డ్ స్టీన్.న్యూట్రాన్‌ను కనుగొన్నది జేమ్స్ చాడ్విక్ (1932).పరమాణు సంఖ్య (Z) కేంద్రకంలోని ప్రోటాన్ల సంఖ్య. పరమాణు ద్రవ్యరాశి సంఖ్య (A) ప్రోటాన్లు, న్యూట్రాన్ల మొత్తం సంఖ్య.మూలకాల వర్గీకరణ - ఆవర్తన పట్టికడోబరైనర్ త్రిక సిద్ధాంతాన్ని ప్రతిపాదించారు.న్యూలాండ్స్ అష్టక నియమాన్ని సూచించాడు.మెండలీవ్ ఆవర్తన నియమం: మూలకాల ధర్మాలు వాటి పరమాణు భారాల ఆవర్తన ప్రమేయాలు.ఆధునిక ఆవర్తన నియమం: మూలకాల భౌతిక, రసాయన ధర్మాలు వాటి పరమాణు సంఖ్యల ఆవర్తన ప్రమేయాలు (మోస్లే).ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో మొత్తం పీరియడ్ ల సంఖ్య ఏడు మరియు మొత్తం గ్రూపుల సంఖ్య 18.రసాయన బంధంరసాయన బంధం: ఒక అణువులో రెండు పరమాణువుల మధ్య ఉన్న ఆకర్షణ బలం.ప్రధాన రకాలు: అయానిక బంధం మరియు సంయోజనీయ బంధం.అయానిక బంధం: లోహ, అలోహ పరమాణువుల మధ్య ఎలక్ట్రాన్ బదిలీ వల్ల ఏర్పడిన అయాన్ల మధ్య ఏర్పడుతుంది.

Lucent General Science Physics Book

ఈ లూసెంట్ జనరల్ సైన్స్ భౌతిక శాస్త్రం (తెలుగు మీడియం) కు సంబంధించినది మరియు అన్ని పోటీ పరీక్షలకు ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.ప్రధానాంశాలు (Index):ఈ పుస్తకంలో 25 అంశాలు ఉన్నాయి, వీటిలో ముఖ్యమైనవి:ప్రమాణాలు & కొలతలుచలనం (Motion)పని, శక్తి మరియు సామర్ధ్యంగురుత్వాకర్షణపీడనంప్లవనంతలతన్యతస్నిగ్ధతముఖ్యమైన భౌతిక భావనలు:భౌతిక శాస్త్రం: పదార్థం యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) మరియు శక్తి (Energy) లను గూర్చి అధ్యయనం చేయు శాస్త్రం.ప్రమాణం (Unit): భౌతిక పరిమాణాన్ని కొలవడానికి ఎంచుకున్న మూల రాశిని ప్రమాణం అంటారు. ప్రమాణాలు రెండు రకాలు: ప్రాథమిక రాశి లేదా మూల రాశి మరియు ఉత్పన్న రాశి.SI ప్రమాణాలు: ఏడు ప్రాథమిక ప్రమాణాలు (పొడవు-మీటర్, ద్రవ్యరాశి-కిలోగ్రామ్, కాలం-సెకండ్, విద్యుత్ ప్రవాహం-ఆంపియర్, ఉష్ణోగ్రత-కెల్విన్, ప్రకాశ తీవ్రత-కాండెల, పదార్ద పరిమాణం-మోల్) మరియు రెండు అనుబంధ ప్రమాణాలు (తల కోణానికి రేడియన్, ఘన కోణానికి స్టెరాడియన్) ఉన్నాయి.అదిశ రాశి (Scalar): పరిమాణం మాత్రమే ఉండి దిశ లేని భౌతిక రాశులు (ఉదా: ద్రవ్యరాశి, కాలం, శక్తి, దూరం).సదిశ రాశి (Vector): పరిమాణం మరియు దిశ కలిగి ఉండి సదిశ నియమాలను పాటించే భౌతిక రాశులు (ఉదా: స్థానభ్రంశం, బలం, త్వరణం).న్యూటన్ చలన నియమాలు:మొదటి నియమం (జడత్వం): బాహ్య శక్తిని ప్రయోగిస్తే తప్ప, వస్తువు నిశ్చల స్థితిలో లేదా ఏకరీతి వేగంతో సరళరేఖలో కదులుతూనే ఉంటుంది. శక్తి నిర్వచనం మొదటి చట్టం నుండి పొందబడింది.రెండవ నియమం: ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క ద్రవ్యవేగంలోని మార్పు రేటు బాహ్య బలానికి అనులోమానుపాతంలో ఉంటుంది. బలం F=ma.మూడవ నియమం: ప్రతి చర్యకు సమానమైన ప్రతి చర్య ఉంటుంది, కానీ వ్యతిరేక దిశలో ఉంటుంది.గురుత్వాకర్షణ: రెండు వస్తువుల మధ్య ఆకర్షణ బలం వాటి ద్రవ్యరాశుల ఉత్పత్తికి అనులోమానుపాతంలో మరియు వాటి మధ్య దూరం యొక్క వర్గానికి విలోమానుపాతంలో ఉంటుంది.తలతన్యత (Surface Tension): ప్రతి ద్రవం చిన్నచిన్న ద్రవ బిందువుల రూపంలో ఉండడానికి ప్రయత్నించే ధర్మం. వర్షపు చినుకులు గోళాకారంలో ఉండటానికి ఇది కారణం.స్నిగ్ధత (Viscosity): ద్రవం యొక్క వివిధ పొరల మధ్య సాపేక్ష చలనాన్ని వ్యతిరేకించే ద్రవ గుణం. వాయువులలో స్నిగ్ధత ద్రవాల కంటే చాలా తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది.

LUCENT General Science Biology Book

ఈ జీకే ఆధారంగా తెలుగు మీడియంలోని జనరల్ సైన్స్ – జీవ శాస్త్రం యొక్క మెటీరియల్‌ను అందిస్తుంది. ఇది అన్ని పోటీ పరీక్షలకు ఉపయోగపడుతుందని పేర్కొనబడింది.ముఖ్య అంశాలు:జీవశాస్త్రం పరిచయం: 'బయోస్' అంటే జీవం, 'లోగోస్' అంటే అధ్యయనం, కాబట్టి జీవాన్ని గురించిన అధ్యయనాన్ని జీవశాస్త్రం అంటారు. ఈ పదాన్ని మొదటగా 1801 సంవత్సరంలో లామార్క్ మరియు ట్రెవిరానస్ రూపొందించారు. జీవశాస్త్రంలో రెండు ప్రధాన శాఖలు ఉన్నాయి:వృక్షశాస్త్రం (Botany): మొక్కల యొక్క వివిధ అంశాల అధ్యయనం. దీని పితామహుడు థియోఫ్రాస్టస్.జంతుశాస్త్రం (Zoology): జంతువుల యొక్క వివిధ అంశాల అధ్యయనం. దీని పితామహుడు అరిస్టాటిల్.జీవశాస్త్రం యొక్క ముఖ్యమైన శాస్త్రాలు: మైక్రోబయాలజి (సూక్ష్మజీవులను గురించి అధ్యయనం), వర్గీకరణ శాస్త్రం (జీవులను గుర్తించి, నామీకరణ జరిపి, వాటిని వర్గీకరించే శాస్త్రం), కణశాస్త్రం (కణాన్ని గురించిన అధ్యయనం), జన్యుశాస్త్రం (అనువంశిక వైవిధ్య లక్షణాలను గురించిన అధ్యయనం).ఐదు రాజ్యాల వర్గీకరణ (R.H. విట్టేకర్, 1969): మొనీరా, ప్రొటిస్టా, ఫంగై, ప్లాంటే (మెటాఫైటా), ఆనిమేలియా (మెటాజోవా).కణ శాస్త్రం (Cytology): కణాన్ని అధ్యయనం చేయడాన్ని సైటాలజీ అంటారు. కణము జీవితపు ప్రాథమిక నిర్మాణ మరియు క్రియాత్మక ప్రమాణం. 'కణము' అనే పదాన్ని 1665 లో రాబర్ట్ హుక్ రూపొందించాడు. అతి చిన్న కణం మైకోప్లాస్మా గాలిసెప్టికమ్, అతిపెద్ద కణం ఆస్ట్రిచ్ యొక్క గుడ్డు.జన్యుశాస్త్రం (Genetics): వంశపారంపర్య స్వభావాన్ని తరతరాలుగా బదిలీ చేసే ప్రక్రియను జన్యుశాస్త్రం అంటారు. జన్యుశాస్త్రం అనే పేరును మొదట డబ్ల్యు. వాట్స్సన్ (1905) రూపొందించాడు. గ్రెగర్ జాన్ మెండల్ ను 'Father of genetics' అంటారు.ద్వినామీకరణం (Binomial Nomenclature): లిన్నేయస్ ప్రవేశపెట్టాడు. దీనిలో జీవి పేరులో రెండు పదాలు ఉంటాయి—మొదటిది ప్రజాతి (Genus), రెండవది జాతి (Species).

9th Class Mathematics - Semester 2

Title: Mathematics (గణితం శాస్త్రం) – Class IX, Semester 2.Introduction: The second semester continues the focus on child-centred education, encouraging learners to reflect on their learning through imaginative activities.Key Points:Triangles: Explores congruence rules (like CPCT) and detailed properties of triangular figures.Quadrilaterals: Investigates the properties and types of four-sided closed figures.Circles: Details theorems regarding tangents, chords, and circular geometry.Heron’s Formula: Provides a specific method for calculating the area of triangles when the height is unknown.Surface Areas and Volumes: Derives formulae for 3D objects like cubes, cylinders, cones, and spheres and applies them to real-world objects.Statistics: Teaches data analysis using tabular forms, bar graphs, and frequency polygons.

9th Class Mathematics - Semester 1

Title: Mathematics (గణితం శాస్త్రం) – Class IX, Semester 1.Introduction: Developed to reduce curricular burden and promote experiential learning, this book prioritizes space for contemplation, wonders, and group discussion. It focuses on hands-on experience and linking mathematical concepts to daily life.Key Points:Number Systems: Introduces the collection of real numbers, including natural (N), whole (W), integers (Z), and rational (Q) numbers. It explains that infinitely many rational numbers exist between any two given numbers.Polynomials: Covers the algebraic structure of polynomials, their zeroes, and factorization.Coordinate Geometry: Teaches the Cartesian plane and strategies for locating points in space.Euclid’s Geometry: Provides a historical and logical foundation for geometric proofs.Lines and Angles: Explores fundamental properties and relationships between different geometric lines and angular intersections.

9th Class Hindi - Second Language

Title: Sparsh & Sanchayan (स्पर्श & संचयन) Part 1 – Hindi Textbook for Class 9.Introduction: This textbook presents Hindi prose and poetry as a medium for intellectual and social awakening. It aims to remove ignorance and irrationality while encouraging students to stand up against exploitation and swarthiness.Key Points:Prose (Gadya): Includes diverse genres such as travelogues, biographies, memoirs, and satire to introduce students to various linguistic styles.Poetry (Padya): Features the works of classic and modern poets like Raidas, Rahim, and Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, focusing on human values and aesthetic beauty.Social Reflection: Modern poems like "Khushbu Rachte Hain Haath" ("Hands Create Fragrance") are used to unmask social disparities and environmental concerns.

9th Class English Textbook

Title: Beehive – Textbook in English for Class IX.Introduction: Like the supplementary reader, this textbook is based on NCF 2005 principles to bridge the gap between school, home, and community. It treats students as active participants in learning rather than passive receivers of knowledge.Key PointsThe Sound of Music: Features biographies of legendary musicians like Ustad Bismillah Khan, highlighting the cultural evolution of instruments like the shehnai.A Truly Beautiful Mind: Provides a human perspective on Albert Einstein’s life, including his scientific breakthroughs like the Special Theory of Relativity (E=mc^2) and his personal struggles.My Childhood: An extract from A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s autobiography, Wings of Fire, detailing his secure upbringing in Rameswaram and the early influences that shaped his character.Reach for the Top: Profiles inspiring figures like Santosh Yadav and Maria Sharapova to demonstrate the power of determination and hard work.

9th Class English - Supplementary Reader

Title: Moments – Supplementary Reader in English for Class IX.Introduction: Following the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, this reader aims to link school learning with life outside the classroom. It is designed as a child-centred educational tool that discourages rote learning and encourages children to generate new knowledge through active engagement and reflection.Key Points:The reader is intended to broaden students' exposure to diverse literary styles and human experiences beyond the main textbook.It features stories like "The Beggar" by Anton Chekhov, which explores themes of circumstance, choice, and personal transformation .Lessons often include "Think About It" and "Talk About It" sections to foster critical thinking and discussion on social issues, such as how to help or abolish begging .

9th Class Social Studies - History

Title: India and the Contemporary World-I (Class 9 History).Introduction: The history textbook explores major world revolutions and their impact on modern society. It moves beyond a purely national history to show how events in Europe and elsewhere shaped global concepts of liberty, equality, and socialism.Key Points:The French Revolution: Traces the causes and events of the revolution (1789), including the fall of the monarchy and the Declaration of the Rights of Man.Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution: Explores the rise of socialist ideas and the 1917 Russian Revolution, which led to the first communist state.Nazism and the Rise of Hitler: Analyzes the factors that led to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany and the subsequent genocidal war against Jews and other minoritiesForest Society and Colonialism: Investigates the impact of colonial Forest Acts (1865, 1878) on forest dwellers and the causes of large-scale deforestation.Pastoralists in the Modern World: Describes the economies and livelihoods of various social groups like nomadic pastoralists and how they coped with changes in the contemporary world.

9th Class Social Studies - Geography

Title: Contemporary India-I (class 9 Geography).Introduction: This book focuses on the physical environment of India. It aims to develop an understanding of India's size, location, and diverse physical features, while also addressing environmental challenges like pollution and conservation.Key Points:India - Size and Location: Locates India on the global map, detailing its extent, its neighbors, and its strategic position in South Asia.Physical Features of India: Describes the major physiographic divisions, including the Himalayan Mountains, the Northern Plains, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indian Desert, the Coastal Plains, and the Islands.Drainage: Explores India's river systems (Himalayan and Peninsular rivers), drainage basins, and the impact of rivers on human life and pollution.Climate: Examines major climatic controls such as latitude, altitude, and monsoon winds, and explains the different seasons in India.Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Discusses different types of forests (flora) and animal life (fauna), emphasizing the need for conservation.Population: Analyzes population density, growth rates, and the distribution of people across different states.

9th Class Social Studies - Politics/Civics

Title: Democratic Politics-I (ప్రజాస్వామ్య రాజకీయాలు - I) – Textbook in Political Science for Class 9.Introduction: This textbook introduces the concept of democracy by comparing it with non-democratic systems. It encourages students to recognize the essential features of a democratic government, such as free and fair elections, the rule of law, and the protection of fundamental rights.Key Points:What is Democracy? Why Democracy?: Defines democracy as a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people" and examines its advantages over other forms of government like dictatorships or monarchies.Constitutional Design: Details the making of the Indian Constitution, the role of the Constituent Assembly, and the importance of constitutional values like justice, liberty, and equality.Electoral Politics: Explains the mechanism of elections in India, including the role of the Election Commission, the importance of universal adult franchise, and how political competition works.Working of Institutions: Analyzes the roles of the Parliament (Legislature), the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (Executive), and the Judiciary in a democratic setup.Democratic Rights: Focuses on the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution and how these rights are protected by an independent judiciary.

10th Class Hindi - Second Language

Title: Sparsh (स्पर्श) Part 2 – Hindi Textbook (Second Language) for Class 10.Introduction: This textbook is designed for students whose mother tongue is not Hindi, following the National Curriculum Framework 2005 to connect school life with the outside world. It focuses on standard Hindi (Khari Boli) while introducing variations like Braj and Awadhi through the works of eminent writers to foster a sense of India's composite culture.Key Points:Poetry Section (Padya): Features devotional and moral works from poets like Kabir (Sakhi), Meera (Pad), and Maithilisharan Gupt (Manushyata), emphasizing human values and social consciousness.Prose Section (Gadya): Includes diverse genres such as stories by Premchand (Bade Bhai Sahib), memoirs like Diary ka ek Panna, and satires that reflect contemporary social issues.Language & Sensitivity: Aims to develop all four language skills while cultivating sensitivity toward human emotions, animal rights, and the environment.Integrated Grammar: Grammar concepts are taught contextually within the lessons through various question-and-answer exercises rather than in a separate book.Moral Education: Uses folk tales and historical narratives to teach students about breaking outdated traditions and the importance of personal experience over "bookish" knowledge

10th Class English Workbook - Words and Expressions 2

Title: Words and Expressions 2 – Workbook in English for Class X.Introduction: This workbook is a self-study material designed as a sequential continuation of the main textbooks, First Flight and Footprints without Feet. It follows a learner-centric, integrated approach to language learning, focusing on critical skills like collaboration, creativity, communication, and problem-solving. The activities link classroom learning with everyday life and contemporary social concerns.Key Points:Unit Structure: Each of the 11 units corresponds to a lesson in the main textbook, starting with "Let's begin" and including comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and writing tasks.Comprehension: Features both unseen prose and poetry across literary and cultural themes to improve interpretation and critical thinking.Grammar & Vocabulary: Focuses on practical usage rather than formal rules, including activities on relative clauses, phrasal verbs, and the passive voice.Editing Skills: Introduces "Proofreading marks" to help students learn the basics of editing and correcting language errors.Integrated Skills: Combines listening and speaking activities (e.g., skits, role-playing, and researching animal rights) to ensure skills are developed simultaneously.

10th Class English - Supplementary Reader (Nontail)

Title: Footprints without Feet – Supplementary Reader in English for Class 10.Introduction: A collection of stories intended to broaden reading habits and enhance comprehension through engaging narratives.Key Points:Includes a variety of stories focused on character development, mystery, and human behavior.Footprints without Feet: (Title story typically involves the adventures and misadventures of an invisible man).Encourages students to explore literary themes beyond the main textbook.

10th Class English - First Flight

Title: First Flight – Textbook in English for Class 10.Introduction: This textbook aims to improve language proficiency through a variety of prose and poetry, encouraging students to reflect on diverse human experiences and social issues.Key Points:Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom: An extract from Mandela's autobiography about the historic inauguration and the fight against apartheid.Two Stories about Flying: Explores bravery and the thrill of flight through "His First Flight" and "The Black Aeroplane".From the Diary of Anne Frank: Provides a German-born Jewish girl's perspective on hiding during World War II.Glimpses of India: Showcases cultural diversity through "A Baker from Goa," "Coorg," and "Tea from Assam".Madam Rides the Bus: A story about a young girl's first independent bus journey and her curiosity about the world.

10th Class Telugu - First Language

Title: Telugu Parimalam (తెలుగు పరిమళం) – Telugu Reader Class 10.Introduction: Designed to achieve perfection in the language, this textbook uses various literary genres and themes to improve creative expression and moral values.Key Points:Pratyaksha Daivalu: Emphasizes serving parents as the highest duty through the story of Kaushika and Dharmavyadha.Batuku Gampa: Recognizes a mother's hard work and women's self-confidence within family values.Shataka Madhuryam: Teaches moral and ethical values through various Shataka poems.Jallianwala Bagh: Inspires patriotism by recounting historic events of the freedom struggle.Prakruti Sandesham: Encourages the protection of nature and the environment.Supplementary Reader (Ramayanam): Provides a simplified prose version of the Valmiki Ramayana to teach culture and values.

10th Class Social Studies - Geography

Title: Contemporary India-II (Class 10 Geography).Introduction: This book focuses on the resources available in India and their sustainable management, covering agriculture, minerals, and manufacturing industries.Key Points:Resources and Development: Classifies resources and emphasizes the need for resource planning and sustainable development.Forest and Wildlife Resources: Discusses biodiversity in India and conservation efforts for forests and wildlife.Water Resources: Explores water scarcity and the importance of multi-purpose river projects and rainwater harvesting.Agriculture: Details types of farming, major crops in India, and the impact of globalization on agriculture.Minerals and Energy Resources: Maps the distribution of minerals and explores conventional and non-conventional energy sources.Manufacturing Industries: Looks at the importance of industries to the national economy and their spatial distribution.Lifelines of National Economy: Covers transport (roads, railways, airways) and communication as vital links for development.

10th Class Social Studies - History

Title: India and the Contemporary World-II (Class 10 History).Introduction: This textbook explores the making of the modern world, focusing on the rise of nationalism in Europe and India, and the impact of global industrialization and cultural shifts.Key Points:The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Traces the growth of nationalism and the formation of nation-states in 19th-century Europe.Nationalism in India: Examines the anti-colonial movement, focusing on the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements led by Mahatma Gandhi.The Making of a Global World: Discusses the history of trade, migration, and the impact of the World Wars on the global economy.The Age of Industrialisation: Looks at the shift from hand production to factories and the development of industrial centers in Britain and India.Print Culture and the Modern World: Explores the history of printing and how it shaped public debate and the spread of ideas.

10th Class Social Studies - Economics

Title: Understanding Economic Development (ఆర్ధికఅభివృద్ధిని అర్ధం చేసుకుందాం) – Social Science Textbook for Class 10.Introduction: This textbook introduces basic economic concepts by looking at the development process through various indicators and the structure of the Indian economy.Key Points:Development: Explores what development means to different people and how countries are compared using indicators like Per Capita Income, Literacy Rate, and Infant Mortality Rate.Sectors of the Indian Economy: Classifies economic activities into Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary sectors, and explores ownership through Public and Private sectors.Money and Credit: Covers the history of money, modern forms of currency, and the role of banks and cooperatives in providing formal and informal credit.Globalisation and the Indian Economy: (Content implies focus on international trade and the impact of global integration on local markets).Sustainability of Development: Discusses the importance of managing natural resources for future generations.

10th Class Social Studies - Politics

Title: Democratic Politics-II (ప్రజాస్వామ్య రాజకీయాలు - II) – Textbook in Political Science for Class 10.Introduction: This book provides a deeper understanding of democratic systems, focusing on power-sharing, federalism, and the outcomes of democracy. It encourages students to reflect on social diversities and how they are accommodated within a political framework.Key Points:Power Sharing: Examines how power is distributed among different organs of government and social groups, using Belgium and Sri Lanka as examples.Federalism: Explains the principles of federalism in India, the distribution of legislative powers (Union, State, and Concurrent lists), and decentralization through local governments.Gender, Religion, and Caste: Discusses how social divisions like gender inequality, communalism, and caste-based divisions manifest in politics.Political Parties: Analyzes the necessity of political parties, the types of party systems, and the roles of national and state parties in India.Outcomes of Democracy: Evaluates the success of democracy in producing accountable, responsive, and legitimate government while addressing economic growth and inequality.

10th Class Mathematics - Semester 2

Title: Mathematics Textbook (గణితశాస్త్రం) – Class 10, Semester 2.Introduction: Continuing from the first semester, this volume further explores advanced mathematical concepts while maintaining the focus on experiential learning and creative thinking.Key Points:Introduction to Trigonometry: Studies the relationship between the sides and angles of right-angled triangles through trigonometric ratios.Some Applications of Trigonometry: Applies trigonometric concepts to find heights and distances of objects like towers or buildings.Circles: Covers properties of tangents to a circle and theorems related to them.Areas Related to Circles: Calculates areas of sectors and segments of a circle.Surface Areas and Volumes: Deals with the surface area and volume of combined solids (e.g., a cone on a cylinder).Statistics: Teaches the calculation of Mean, Median, and Mode for grouped data.Probability: Explores a theoretical approach to determine the likelihood of an event occurring.

10th Class Mathematics - Semester 1

Title: Mathematics Textbook (గణితశాస్త్రం) – Class 10, Semester 1.Introduction: This textbook, developed under the National Curriculum Framework 2005, aims to link school life with life outside the classroom. It seeks to discourage rote learning and promote a child-centered system where students generate knowledge through engagement and hands-on activities.Key Points:Real Numbers: Discusses Euclid's division algorithm for divisibility and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, which states every composite number can be uniquely expressed as a product of primes.Polynomials: Covers the geometric meaning of the zeroes of a polynomial and the relationship between zeroes and coefficients.Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables: Explains graphical and algebraic methods (Substitution and Elimination) for solving pairs of linear equations.Quadratic Equations: Introduces quadratic equations and methods to solve them, including factorisation and using the quadratic formula.Arithmetic Progressions: Explores patterns in numbers where each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to the preceding term.Triangles: Focuses on the similarity of triangles and related theorems.Coordinate Geometry: Covers finding the distance between two points and the section formula.

Physics Handbook

Title: Physics: Unit & Measurement (Study Material from knowledgegainers.inIntroduction: This authored material by K Shiva provides a structured overview of fundamental physics principles, designed as a concise reference and study guide for competitive and academic excellence.Key Points:Classification of Physical Quantities: Differentiates between scalar (magnitude only) and vector (magnitude and direction) quantities, as well as fundamental and derived quantities.Systems of Units: Explains various systems like FPS, CGS, MKS, and the standardized S.I. (International System) units used in modern science.Dimensional Analysis: Teaches how to derive dimensional formulas for complex quantities (e.g., Force) to verify physical equations.Measuring Instruments: Lists critical scientific tools like the Altimeter (altitude), Barometer (atmospheric pressure), and Hygrometer (humidity).Advanced Motion: Covers projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and planetary laws such as Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion.

10th Class Physical Science

Title: General Science (Paper-I) – Physical Science (భౌతిక రసాయన శాస్త్రం) – Class 10.Introduction: This comprehensive textbook covers fundamental principles of both Physics and Chemistry. It is designed to shift learning from memorization to application, using daily life examples and scientific inquiry to explain how the universe and materials behave.Key Points (Physics Focused):Heat: Explores temperature, specific heat, and the processes of evaporation, condensation, and boiling.Light - Reflection & Refraction: Covers reflection at curved surfaces (mirrors), refraction at plane and curved surfaces, and the behavior of various lenses.Human Eye & Colourful World: Explains the anatomy of the eye, common vision defects (myopia, hypermetropia), and optical phenomena like the rainbow and scattering of light.Electric Current: Introduces Ohm's law, resistance, and the concept of electric circuits, potential difference, and power.Electromagnetism: Investigates the relationship between electricity and magnetism, including electromagnetic induction and the working of motors and generators.Key Points (Chemistry Focused):Chemical Reactions & Equations: Teaches how to write balanced equations and identifies types of reactions (combination, decomposition, displacement).Acids, Bases, and Salts: Discusses the pH scale, chemical properties of acids/bases, and the importance of salts in daily life.Structure of Atom & Periodic Table: Details atomic models, quantum numbers, and the modern classification of elements based on their properties.Chemical Bonding: Explains how atoms bond through ionic and covalent interactions to form stable molecules.Principles of Metallurgy & Carbon Compounds: Covers the extraction of metals and the unique versatile nature of carbon in forming organic compounds.

10th Class Biological Science

Title: General Science (Paper-II) – Biological Science (జీవశాస్త్రం) – Class 10.Introduction: This textbook acts as a bridge to higher secondary education, moving students toward an understanding of the complex internal "systems" of living organisms. It focuses on how life is sustained through continuous processes like metabolism, coordination, and heredity, emphasizing the interdependence between humans and the environment.Key Points:Nutrition: Explores the "food supplying system," detailing photosynthesis in plants and the human digestive system, including the roles of various enzymes.Respiration: Covers the "energy releasing system," differentiating between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and describing the pathway of air through the respiratory system.Transportation: Details the "circulatory system," focusing on the structure of the human heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and the transport mechanism in plants.Excretion: Investigates the "waste disposing system," primarily the human excretory system (kidneys, nephrons) and how plants manage waste products.Coordination: Explains how the nervous system and endocrine glands (hormones) act as a "linking system" to respond to internal and external stimuli.Reproduction: Covers the "generating system," including asexual and sexual reproduction, flower structure, and human reproductive health.Heredity & Evolution: Introduces Mendelian genetics, inheritance of traits, and the evidence supporting the theory of organic evolution.Environmental Concern & Natural Resources: Discusses ecological balance, the impact of human activities, and the sustainable management of resources like water and soil.

9th Class Physical Science – Semester 2

Title: Textbook of Physical Science (భౌతిక రసాయన శాస్త్రం) – Class 9, Semester 2.Introduction: Continuing the first semester’s inquiries, this volume transitions from describing motion to understanding its causes and the laws governing the physical universe.Key Points:Force and Laws of Motion: Explains Newton's three laws of motion and the concept of inertia, describing how unbalanced forces change an object's state of motion.Gravitation: Introduces the Universal Law of Gravitation, explaining how mass and distance determine the attraction between all objects in the universe.Work and Energy: Defines scientific "work" as a force acting through a displacement and explores different forms of energy, including kinetic and potential energy.Sound: Describes sound as a form of energy produced by vibrations that travels through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) as a longitudinal wave.

9th Class Physical Science – Semester 1

Title: Textbook of Physical Science (భౌతిక రసాయన శాస్త్రం) – Class 9, Semester 1.Introduction: Built on NCERT standards, this book uses interactive characters, Boojho and Paheli, to connect scientific concepts with everyday experiences. It focuses on active learning through simple experiments and data reasoning.Key Points:Matter in Our Surroundings: Defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass, exploring its physical nature as being made of tiny particles.Is Matter Around Us Pure?: Differentiates between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous).Atoms and Molecules: Covers the historical laws of chemical combination (conservation of mass and constant proportions) and Dalton’s atomic theory.Structure of the Atom: Investigates subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons) and various atomic models, including those by Rutherford and Bohr.Motion: Describes movement along a straight line using position, velocity, and acceleration, supported by graphical representations like distance-time and velocity-time graphs.

9th Class Biology

Title: Textbook of Biology (జీవశాస్త్రం) – Class 9.Introduction: This textbook emphasizes linking a child's school life with their life outside the school, moving away from rote learning toward a child-centered system. It encourages hands-on activities, small-group discussions, and reflection to generate new knowledge.Key Points:The Fundamental Unit of Life: Introduces the cell, discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, as the basic building block of all living organisms.Tissues: Explores groups of cells with similar structures and functions, covering plant tissues (meristematic, permanent) and animal tissues.Improvement in Food Resources: Discusses modern agricultural practices, including crop production, variety improvement, and management of resources like water and soil fertility.Irrigation and Cropping Patterns: Details various irrigation systems (canals, wells, river lift systems) and strategies like mixed cropping and intercropping to maximize yields.

8th Class Physical Science – Semester 2

Title: Physical Science (భౌతిక శాస్త్రం) – Class VIII, Semester 2.Introduction: The second semester dives deeper into the behavior of light, sound, and electricity, encouraging students to perform experiments that illustrate these invisible forces.Key Points:Sound: Explains how sound is produced by vibrating bodies, its propagation through different media, and the human ear's mechanism for hearing.Chemical Effects of Electric Current: Introduces the concept of electroplating and how certain liquids conduct electricity through chemical changes.Light: Covers the laws of reflection, the construction of the human eye, and the importance of eye care and tools for the visually challenged (Braille system).Combustion and Flame: Investigates the requirements for burning, types of combustion, and the structure of a flame.

8th Class Physical Science – Semester 1

Title: Physical Science (భౌతిక శాస్త్రం) – Class VIII, Semester 1.Introduction: This book introduces students to fundamental concepts of physics and chemistry, focusing on the forces that govern our physical world and the properties of materials.Key Points:Force and Pressure: Explores the concepts of push and pull, contact and non-contact forces, and how pressure is exerted by solids, liquids, and gases.Friction: Analyzes the factors affecting friction, its necessity in daily life (advantages and disadvantages), and ways to increase or reduce it.Synthetic Fibres and Plastics: Details the characteristics of man-made materials like nylon, polyester, and acrylic, and the environmental impact of plastic usage.Coal and Petroleum: Discusses exhaustible natural resources, the process of carbonization, and the refining of petroleum products.

8th Class Biology – Semester 2

Title: Biology 8 (జీవశాస్త్రం) – Class VIII, Semester 2.Introduction: This textbook concludes the Class VIII Biology curriculum by focusing on the physiological changes during human growth and the critical importance of biodiversity and conservation.Key Points:Reaching the Age of Adolescence: Explains the role of the endocrine system and hormones in triggering puberty, including physical changes and reproductive health.Conservation of Plants and Animals: Discusses the impact of deforestation and the importance of protected areas like National Parks, Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves to maintain ecological balance.Pollution of Air and Water: Identifies the causes of environmental degradation, the greenhouse effect, and methods for conservation and purification of water.

8th Class Biology – Semester 1

Title: Biology 8 (జీవశాస్త్రం) – Class VIII, Semester 1.Introduction: This textbook follows the NCERT curriculum aimed at reaching global standards by providing foundational learning in biological sciences. It focuses on the microscopic and macroscopic aspects of life and agriculture.Key Points:Cell - Structure and Functions: Introduces the cell as the basic structural unit of life, covering its discovery by Robert Hooke and the variety in cell number, shape, and size.Microorganisms: Friend and Foe: Discusses the roles of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses in health (antibiotics, vaccines) and disease, as well as their use in food production and environmental cleaning.Crop Production and Management: Covers agricultural practices including soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, harvesting, and storage.Reproduction in Animals: Explains sexual reproduction (male and female reproductive organs, fertilization) and asexual methods like budding in Hydra and binary fission in Amoeba.

7th Class General Science – Semester 2

Title: Science Textbook for Class VII, Semester 2.Introduction: This volume continues the Class VII curriculum with a focus on plant reproduction, physics (motion and time, electricity), and environmental science.Key Points:Reproduction in Plants: Details asexual methods like vegetative propagation, budding, and fragmentation, as well as sexual reproduction involving flowers, pollination, and seeds.Motion and Time: Introduces the concept of speed (distance/time) and how to represent motion using distance-time graphs.Electric Current and its Effects: Covers the heating effect (used in heaters and fuses) and the magnetic effect of electric current (electromagnets).Light: Explores the properties of light, including its travel in straight lines, reflection by spherical mirrors (concave and convex), and the behavior of lenses.Forests: Our Lifeline: Discusses the forest ecosystem as a "green lung" that purifies air and water and supports diverse life forms.Wastewater Story: Focuses on water sanitation, sewage treatment, and the importance of maintaining clean water sources for public health.

7th Class General Science – Semester 1

Title: Science Textbook for Class VII, Semester 1.Introduction: This book builds on the concepts from Class VI, emphasizing the connection between everyday experiences and scientific principles. It uses interactive characters, Paheli and Boojho, to guide students through inquiries and experiments.Key Points:Nutrition in Plants: Explains autotrophic nutrition through photosynthesis and heterotrophic modes like parasitism and saprotrophism.Nutrition in Animals: Details the human digestive system, including the buccal cavity, food pipe, stomach, and intestines, as well as digestion in grass-eating animals.Heat: Discusses the measurement of temperature using clinical and laboratory thermometers and the transfer of heat through conduction, convection, and radiation.Acids, Bases, and Salts: Introduces indicators to distinguish between acidic and basic substances and explains the process of neutralization.Physical and Chemical Changes: Differentiates between reversible physical changes and irreversible chemical changes like rusting and burning.Respiration in Organisms: Covers aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans and other animals (e.g., cockroaches, earthworms).Transportation in Animals and Plants: Explains the human circulatory system (blood, heart, blood vessels) and the transport of water and nutrients in plants via xylem and phloem.

6th Class General Science – Semester 2

Title: Textbook of General Science (సామాన్య శాస్త్రం) – Class 6, Semester 2.Introduction: Following the Semester 1 curriculum, this book continues the study of the physical and natural world with a focus on measurement, light, electricity, and the environment.Key Points:Motion and Measurement of Distances: Traces the history of transport and establishes the need for standard units of measurement (SI units) like the metre.Light, Shadows, and Reflections: Defines transparent, opaque, and translucent objects and explains how shadows are formed and how light reflects off mirrors.Electricity and Circuits: Introduces electric cells, bulbs, and the concept of a complete circuit. It also distinguishes between conductors and insulatorsFun with Magnets: Explores magnetic and non-magnetic materials, the poles of a magnet, and how to use a compass for finding directionsAir Around Us: Discusses the composition of air (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.) and the importance of the atmosphere for supporting life.

6th Class General Science – Semester 1

Title: Textbook of General Science (సామాన్య శాస్త్రం) – Class 6, Semester 1.Introduction: This textbook marks a departure from "bookish learning" by linking children's school lives to their lives outside school. It is designed to encourage child-centered education, discouraging rote learning and promoting hands-on activities and group discussions.Key Points:Components of Food: Identifies essential nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.Sorting Materials: Explains how to group objects based on properties like transparency, solubility, and the materials they are made of (e.g., wood, paper, plastic).Separation of Substances: Discusses various methods to separate mixtures, including handpicking, winnowing, sieving, sedimentation, decantation, and filtration.Getting to Know Plants: Explores plant structures such as roots (tap and fibrous), stems, leaves, and flowers, including the process of photosynthesis.Body Movements: Covers human skeletal structure, joints (like pivotal and hinge joints), and how muscles and bones work together for movement.Living Organisms: Focuses on the characteristics of living things, their habitats (terrestrial and aquatic), and adaptations.

Craft Traditions of India: Past, Present and Future

Description: A continuation of the Class XI curriculum, this book looks deeper into the history of Indian crafts and addresses the future of these traditions in a globalized world. It highlights the importance of museums and conservation in preserving heritage.Key Concepts:Historical Evolution: How crafts have changed from ancient times through the colonial period to the present.Social & Economic Issues: The challenges faced by traditional artisans in the modern market.Documentation and Preservation: The role of institutions like the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya in protecting tribal and folk art.Design and Innovation: Balancing traditional techniques with contemporary design needs.

Introductory Macroeconomics - Textbook in Economics for Class XII (Part-2)

Description: This book examines the economy as a whole. It covers national aggregates like income, employment, and prices, and discusses how government policy can influence the overall economic health of a country.Key Concepts:National Income Accounting: Methods of calculating GDP and understanding macroeconomic identities.Money and Banking: The function of money, the role of the Central Bank (RBI), and money creation.Government Budget: Components of the budget and its impact on the economy.Open Economy: Balance of payments and foreign exchange rates.

Introductory Microeconomics - Textbook in Economics for Class XII (Part-1)

Description: This text focuses on the behavior of individual economic agents, such as consumers and firms. It uses mathematical and graphical tools to explain how choices are made in conditions of scarcity.Key Concepts:Consumer Behaviour: Theory of demand, utility analysis, and indifference curves.Production and Costs: How firms manage inputs and the relationship between output and cost.Market Structures: Price determination under Perfect Competition, Monopoly, and Monopolistic Competition.

Learning about Crafts - Textbook in Heritage Crafts for Class XI

Description: This book serves as an introduction to the vast world of Indian handicrafts. It encourages students to explore traditional craft forms as a living heritage and understand the technical, social, and aesthetic aspects of handmade objects.Key Concepts:Material-based Crafts: Detailed study of Clay, Stone, Metal, and Natural Fibers.Textile Traditions: The history and techniques of weaving, printing, and embroidery in India.Paper and Theatre Crafts: Exploring traditional storytelling through masks, puppets, and handmade paper.Craft and Society: The role of the craftsperson in the community and the continuity of tradition.

Indian Economic Development

Description: This textbook traces the history of the Indian economy from the eve of Independence to the present day. It evaluates the impact of various policies, the transition from a closed to an open economy, and the challenges facing the nation today.Key Concepts:Colonial Legacy: The state of the Indian economy under British rule.Economic Planning (1950-1990): The era of Five-Year Plans, the Green Revolution, and industrial licensing.Economic Reforms (1991): The shift toward Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG).Current Challenges: Poverty, human capital formation, rural development, and sustainable development.

An Introduction to Indian Art (Part I)

Description: This book provides an overview of the development of Indian art from prehistoric times to the medieval period. It focuses on architecture, sculpture, and painting, explaining how art was influenced by the social, religious, and political climate of different eras.Key Concepts:Prehistoric Rock Paintings: Early human expression through cave paintings (e.g., Bhimbetka).Indus Valley Art: Mastery in terracotta, seals, and town planning.Buddhist and Hindu Architecture: Development of Stupas (Sanchi), rock-cut caves (Ajanta, Ellora), and temple styles (Nagara and Dravida).Sculptural Traditions: Evolution of deity figures and the use of materials like sandstone and bronze.

Biology: Textbook for Class XII

Description: This book tells the "story of life on earth," focusing on how species continue through reproduction despite the death of individual organisms. It integrates molecular biology, genetics, and ecology to explain the complexity of living systems and their environment.Key Concepts:Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction in organisms, flowering plants, and humans, including reproductive health.Genetics and Evolution: Principles of inheritance (Mendelian genetics), molecular basis of inheritance (DNA/RNA), and the process of evolution.Biology in Human Welfare: Human health and diseases, and strategies for enhancing food production (animal husbandry, plant breeding).Biotechnology: Principles, processes, and applications of biotechnology in medicine and agriculture.Ecology: Organisms and populations, ecosystems, biodiversity conservation, and environmental issues.

Chemistry: Textbook for Class XII (Part 2)

Description: This part is dedicated primarily to organic chemistry and the chemistry of life. It covers the classification, preparation, and reactions of various organic functional groups and polymers.Key Concepts:Organic Chemistry: Detailed study of Haloalkanes, Haloarenes, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Amines.Biomolecules: Structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids.Applied Chemistry: Classification and types of polymers, and the role of chemistry in everyday life (drugs, food chemicals, and soaps).

Chemistry: Textbook for Class XII (Part 1)

Description: This textbook focuses on physical and inorganic chemistry. It explores the structural arrangement of solids, chemical kinetics, and the complex chemistry of d- and f-block elements and coordination compounds.Key Concepts:Physical Chemistry: Crystalline and amorphous solids, properties of solutions (Raoult's Law), electrochemistry, and chemical kinetics.Surface Chemistry: Adsorption, catalysis, and colloids.Inorganic Chemistry: Isolation of elements (metallurgy), detailed study of p-block, d-block, and f-block elements, and coordination compounds.

Physics: Textbook for Class XII (Part 2)

Description: This text delves into optics and modern physics. It covers the dual nature of light and matter, atomic and nuclear structures, and the fundamentals of semiconductor electronics and communication systems.Key Concepts:Optics: Ray optics (reflection, refraction, and optical instruments) and Wave optics (Huygens Principle, interference, and diffraction).Modern Physics: Dual nature of radiation (photoelectric effect), Bohr’s model of the atom, and nuclear energy (radioactivity).Electronics: Semiconductor materials, p-n junctions, logic gates, and the basic elements of communication systems.

Physics: Textbook for Class XII (Part 1)

Description: This volume transitions from mechanics to electrodynamics and magnetism. It covers the study of static and moving charges, the properties of magnetic materials, and the principles of electromagnetic induction.Key Concepts:Electrostatics: Electric charges, Coulomb’s Law, Gauss’s Law, and electrostatic potential and capacitance.Current Electricity: Ohm’s law, resistivity, and complex circuit analysis using Kirchhoff’s Laws.Magnetism: Magnetic effects of current (Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Law) and the magnetic properties of matter.Electromagnetic Induction and AC: Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law, and the behavior of Alternating Current (AC) in LCR circuits.

Physics: Textbook for Class XI (Part 2)

Description: This part focuses on the mechanical and thermal properties of matter, exploring the behavior of solids, fluids, and gases under various conditions. It bridges classical mechanics with thermodynamics and wave phenomena.Key Concepts:Mechanical Properties: Elastic behavior of solids (Hooke's Law) and the dynamics of fluids (Pascal's Law and Bernoulli’s principle).Thermodynamics: Temperature, heat transfer, the Laws of Thermodynamics, and the efficiency of heat engines.Kinetic Theory: Molecular nature of matter and the behavior of ideal gases.Oscillations and Waves: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM), transverse and longitudinal waves, and the Doppler effect.

Physics: Textbook for Class XI (Part 1)

Description: This textbook introduces fundamental scientific methods and the physical world, emphasizing systematic observation, mathematical modeling, and the unification of natural laws. It explores the tremendous range of physical quantities from microscopic sub-atomic scales to macroscopic astronomical scales.Key Concepts:Scientific Method: Systematic observation, controlled experiments, and mathematical modeling to understand natural phenomena.Units and Measurement: Standards for length, mass, and time, including the International System of Units (SI) and error analysis.Mechanics: Motion in one and two dimensions (kinematics), Newton’s Laws of Motion, and the conservation of momentum and energy.Rotational and Gravitational Motion: Systems of particles, torque, angular momentum, and Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

Chemistry: Textbook for Class XI (Part 2)

Description: This two-part textbook defines chemistry as the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter. It covers the science of atoms and molecules and their infinite variety of transformations.Key Concepts:Foundations: Basic concepts of chemistry, structure of atom, and classification of elements.Bonding and States: Chemical bonding, molecular structure, states of matter, and thermodynamics.Reactions: Equilibrium, redox reactions, and environmental chemistry.Element Families: Detailed study of s-block and p-block elements.Organic Chemistry: Basic principles, techniques, and study of hydrocarbons.

Chemistry: Textbook for Class XI (Part 1)

Description: This two-part textbook defines chemistry as the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter. It covers the science of atoms and molecules and their infinite variety of transformations.Key Concepts:Foundations: Basic concepts of chemistry, structure of atom, and classification of elements.Bonding and States: Chemical bonding, molecular structure, states of matter, and thermodynamics.Reactions: Equilibrium, redox reactions, and environmental chemistry.Element Families: Detailed study of s-block and p-block elements.Organic Chemistry: Basic principles, techniques, and study of hydrocarbons.

Biology: Textbook for Class XI

Description: This book provides a monumental description of life forms, identification, nomenclature, and classification. It explores the horizontal and vertical similarities among all living organisms.Key Concepts:Diversity: Biological classification, plant kingdom, and animal kingdom.Structural Organisation: Morphology and anatomy of flowering plants and animals.Cell Biology: Cell structure, biomolecules, and cell cycle/division.Physiology: Comprehensive units on both plant and human physiology.

Science Exemplar Problems: Class X

Description: These are resource books containing various types of questions (like MCQs and open-ended questions) of varying difficulty levels. They are designed to test higher-order skills like reasoning and analysis rather than rote memorization.Key Concepts: These books align with the chapters in the standard Class X textbooks, providing advanced problems for each topic to improve the quality of teaching and learning

Science Exemplar Problems: Class IX

Description: These are resource books containing various types of questions (like MCQs and open-ended questions) of varying difficulty levels. They are designed to test higher-order skills like reasoning and analysis rather than rote memorization.Key Concepts: These books align with the chapters in the standard Class IX providing advanced problems for each topic to improve the quality of teaching and learning

Science: Textbook for Class X

Description: This text focuses on the breaking and making of bonds between atoms to produce new substances. It covers a wide range of chemical, biological, and physical principles applicable to daily life.Key Concepts:Chemical Sciences: Chemical reactions and equations, acids, bases, salts, metals, and carbon compounds.Biological Sciences: Life processes, control and coordination, and heredity and evolutionPhysical Sciences: Light reflection and refraction, electricity, and magnetic effects of electric current.

Science: Textbook for Class IX

Description: This textbook organizes science concepts around cross-disciplinary themes: Food, Materials, The World of the Living, Moving Things, People and Ideas, and Natural Resources.Key Concepts:Matter: States of matter (solid, liquid, gas), atoms, molecules, and the structure of the atom.Life Sciences: The fundamental unit of life (cell), tissues, and diversity in living organisms.Physics: Motion, force, laws of motion, gravitation, work, energy, and sound.Environment: Natural resources and improvement in food resources.

Science: Textbook for Class VIII

Description: This book continues the interactive and child-centered approach of the series, aiming to sensitize students to issues like environment, health, and energy conservation.Key Concepts:Agriculture and Biology: Crop production, microorganisms (friend and foe), and conservation of plants and animals.Chemistry: Synthetic fibers, plastics, metals, non-metals, and the chemical effects of electric current.Physics: Force, pressure, friction, sound, light, and stars and the solar system.

Science: Textbook for Class VII

Description: Following the format of the Class VI book, this text uses interactive characters like Boojho and Paheli to connect scientific concepts with everyday experiences. It includes various hands-on activities to clarify concepts and develop data-presentation skills.Key Concepts:Biology: Nutrition in plants and animals, the human digestive system, and reproduction in plants.Chemistry: Acids, bases, salts, and chemical changes.Earth Science: Weather, climate, soil properties, and water as a precious resource.Physics: Heat, motion, time, and electric current and its effects.

Science: Textbook for Class VI

Description: This textbook is designed based on the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, which emphasizes linking a child's school life to their life outside the school. It aims to discourage rote learning and maintain a child-centered system of education.Key Concepts:Food and Nutrition: Sources of food, components of food (nutrients), and balanced diets.Materials: Sorting and separating substances using methods like filtration and crystallization.Living Organisms: Body movements, habitats, and the characteristics of living things.Physical Phenomena: Light, shadows, reflections, electricity, and circuits.

Target IBPS BANK PO/MT Preliminary & Main Exam

Key FeaturesSolved Previous Year Papers: Includes comprehensive solved papers from 2011 to 2016 for both Preliminary and Main exams.Extensive Practice Material: Features 20 practice sets in total—15 for the Main Exam (11 in-book and 4 online) and 5 for the Preliminary Exam.Detailed Explanations: Every question is accompanied by "Hints & Solutions" to ensure better conceptual clarity.Core Content and StructureThe book covers all sections required for the IBPS PO/MT exam:Quantitative Aptitude: Topics include simple and compound interest, profit and loss, time and work, and speed/distance.Reasoning Ability: Focuses on puzzles, seating arrangements, logical reasoning, and data sufficiency.English Language: Includes reading comprehension passages, error detection, and grammar-based questions.General Awareness: Features a special focus on Banking Awareness, current events, and general knowledge.Computer Knowledge: Covers essential computer terminology, networking, and software fundamentals.

22 year-wise ibps po preliminary main previous year solved-papers

This intended to help students study and sharpen their problem-solving skills through thorough practice. It serves as a reference and revision tool for the moments leading up to the exam, providing specialized study material and solved previous papers to familiarize candidates with the exam pattern and question types.Core Content and FeaturesComprehensive Coverage: The kit covers all primary subjects for the exam: Reasoning Ability, Quantitative Aptitude, and English Language.Extensive Practice: It includes over 1,500 exam-level questions with detailed solutions to aid understanding.Strategy and Tips: The book provides chapter-wise tips and tricks, as well as a section on general exam preparation strategies, such as understanding the syllabus and making a study plan.Reasoning Section: This part covers topics like puzzles (day/month/year, floor, age, and box-based), seating arrangements (circular, linear, square, rectangular, and triangular), inequalities, and direction sense.Quantitative Aptitude: This section covers mathematical topics including averages, ages, profit and loss, ratio and proportion, and data interpretation.English Language: Focused on building grammar and vocabulary, this section includes reading comprehension, cloze tests, error detection, and sentence improvementPrevious Year Questions: It contains actual questions from previous SBI Clerk exams to help students understand the current exam trends.

RRB JE Electrical & Allied Engineering (YCT)

Description: Published by Youth Competition Times (YCT), this is a specialized technical guide for the RRB Junior Engineer (JE) and Senior Section Engineer (SSE) exams. It serves as a massive question bank and theory guide, containing thousands of previous year questions (PYQs) from various railway shifts. The book is structured to help Electrical Engineering students master core technical concepts through solved examples and detailed explanations.Detailed Topics:Basic Concepts & Circuit Laws: Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Kirchhoff’s Laws (KCL/KVL), and network theorems.Magnetic Circuits & AC Fundamentals: Faraday’s laws, magnetic flux, sine waves, power factor, and three-phase systems.Electrical Machines: In-depth coverage of D.C. Generators, D.C. Motors, 1-phase and 3-phase Transformers, and Synchronous Machines.Power Systems: Generation (Power plants), Transmission and Distribution, and Switchgear & Protection (Circuit Breakers and Relays).Measurement & Instrumentation: Error analysis, PMMC instruments, and the use of voltmeters and ammeters in parallel/series configurations.Electronics & Utilization: Basic Electronics, Analog/Digital principles, and the utilization of electrical energy in traction and heating.

RRB ALP Practice Book

Description: Authored by K Shiva and published by Knowledgegainers.in, this practice book is specifically designed for the Assistant Loco Pilot (ALP) and Technician recruitment exams. It contains 15 full-length practice sets modeled after the latest RRB exam pattern. This book is an essential tool for candidates looking to test their knowledge in a simulated exam environment and improve their time management skills for the Computer Based Test (CBT).Detailed Topics:Exam Simulation: 15 comprehensive practice sets covering both Stage 1 and Stage 2 CBT requirements.Mathematics: Number system, fractions, LCM & HCF, Ratio and Proportion, Mensuration, and Time & Work.General Intelligence & Reasoning: Analogies, Alphabetical and Number Series, Coding and Decoding, Mathematical operations, and Syllogism.General Science: Physics, Chemistry, and Life Sciences up to the 10th standard level.Technical Awareness: Basic overview of recruitment processes and syllabus for various technical trades.

101 Speed Tests for SSC CGL

Description: This is a highly innovative practice book designed to improve a student's "strike rate" and speed. It contains 101 topic-wise speed tests and 5 full-length practice sets for both Tier I and Tier II. The focus is on mastering concepts through timed practice to ensure success in the actual exam.Detailed Topics:Sectional Speed Tests: Individual timed tests for Reasoning, Quant, English, and GA.Integrated Practice: 5 Full-length practice sets that simulate the Tier I and Tier II exam experience.Concept Mastery: Important concepts and "Points to Remember" summarized for every topic.Historical/Static GK: Detailed explanations for general awareness, including Indian Constitution (Articles) and Science (Chemistry/Biology).

SSC CGL Tier-1 2023 Exam Question Papers

Description: This document is a direct compilation of the 2023 Tier-1 exam papers with official answers. It is the best resource for students to understand the exact interface and question distribution of the most recent full-year exam cycle.Detailed Topics:General Intelligence: Embedded figures, dictionary order of words, and symbolic logic.General Awareness: Analysis of the weightage given to history, science, and current affairs in 2023.Quantitative Aptitude: Trends in number system and algebra questions.English: Fill-in-the-blanks (cloze tests) focusing on contextual vocabulary and grammar.

Free Guide for SSC CGL

Description: This is a foundational study kit provided by SSCPortal, India's largest online community for SSC aspirants. It serves as a comprehensive "introductory guide" that covers the syllabus in detail and provides sample practice questions for every section of the Tier-I exam.Detailed Topics:Verbal Reasoning: Alphabet tests, blood relations, and direction sense tests.Non-Verbal Reasoning: Pattern completion, series, and analogy in figures.Quantitative Aptitude: A-Z of arithmetic topics, including pipes & cisterns, boats & streams, and simple/compound interest.English Comprehension: Idioms, phrases, and sentence arrangement basics.

SSC CGL English: 43 Sets Previous Year Questions

Description: Authored by Titab Roy, this book specializes in the English section of the CGL Tier-1 exam. It compiles 43 sets of questions from 2017, providing "Unique Short Tricks" for grammar and vocabulary that help in achieving higher accuracy in less time.Detailed Topics:Grammar Mastery: Rules for error detection, sentence improvement, and cloze tests.Vocabulary: Intensive practice for synonyms, antonyms, and one-word substitutions.Reading Comprehension: Strategies for skimming and scanning passages to find answers quickly.Cloze Test Logic: Contextual filling of blanks to ensure flow and grammatical correctness.

SSC CGL 2025: 36 TCS Sets Solved Papers

Description: This is a modern practice manual featuring 36 sets of official question papers from the most recent 2024 Tier 1 shifts. It labels each shift as "Easy," "Moderate," or "Hard," allowing students to simulate real exam environments and manage their time according to the difficulty level.Detailed Topics:Official TCS Sets: Actual questions from September 2024 shifts (1st, 2nd, and 3rd shifts).English Proficiency: Focus on "Active/Passive" voice, direct/indirect speech, and spelling error corrections.Quantitative Aptitude: Detailed solutions for the latest geometry and trigonometry trends.General Awareness: Updated current affairs and static GK as per the latest TCS requirements.

SSC CGL 2024 Reasoning Questions

Description: Compiled by Gagan Pratap Sir, this book takes a unique pedagogical approach by ranking reasoning questions from the 2024 exam by difficulty. It allows students to gradually build confidence by starting with easier logic and moving toward the "Hardest" questions that most candidates fail to solve.Detailed Topics:Series Completion: Number and letter series with varying levels of complexity.Logical Triads: Operations on whole numbers and finding relationships within number sets.Visual Reasoning: Mirror images, embedded figures, and paper folding.Analytical Reasoning: Syllogisms, coded inequalities, and complex seating arrangements.

Mathematics Hackbook for SSC CGL

Description: Authored as a "crisp and concrete" e-book, the Mathematics Hackbook is designed for students who find math difficult or time-consuming. It focuses on "hacks"—logical shortcuts and intuitive methods—to solve complex problems without relying solely on long formulas.Detailed Topics:Logic over Formulas: Methods to solve problems using "presence of mind" and basic logical analysis.Speed Hacks: Techniques for solving Data Interpretation (DI) and percentage problems in seconds.Quantitative Shortcuts: Unique approaches to profit & loss, interest, and average calculations.Mindset Training: Chapters dedicated to overcoming "math phobia" through simplified logic.

Mathematics for SSC

Description: Part of the prestigious house of Dr. R.S. Aggarwal, this comprehensive volume covers the entire syllabus for SSC CGL (Tier I & II), CPO, CHSL, and MTS. It features over 2400+ questions with detailed explanations, making it a "one-stop" resource for building foundational concepts and practicing varied question types.Detailed Topics:Arithmetic: Number systems, HCF & LCM, Ratio & Proportion, Average, and Time & Work.Geometry: Properties of lines, angles, triangles, and polygons (internal/external angle calculations).Mensuration: Detailed practice for area, volume, and surface area of 2D and 3D figures.Data Interpretation: Tables, bar graphs, and pie charts with multi-layered questions.

Best Quant: CGL PRE 24

Description: This specialized mathematics book is curated by "CurrentMudde" specifically for the CGL 2024 Preliminary exam. It is designed for efficiency, containing 2000 high-quality questions filtered to remove repetition. The book focuses on "Moderate to Tough" levels to ensure students are prepared for the most challenging shifts of the TCS-pattern exams.Detailed Topics:Calculation Boosters: Daily sheets designed to increase mental math speed and accuracy.Formula Copy: A consolidated reference of all essential mathematical formulas for quick revision.Advanced Mathematics: In-depth coverage of coordinate geometry, trigonometry, and advanced algebra.TCS Pattern Focus: Questions selected based on the most recent trends from CGL, CHSL, and CPO exams.

20 Solved Papers for SSC CGL Tier-I

Description: Published by Disha Publication, this book is an essential archive for SSC aspirants. It contains 20 authentic solved papers from previous years (2010 to 2016), providing a clear view of how the exam pattern has evolved. Each paper is accompanied by detailed solutions that not only provide the correct answer but also explain the underlying concepts.Detailed Topics:General Intelligence & Reasoning: Detailed solutions for analogies, series, coding-decoding, and blood relations.Quantitative Aptitude: Step-by-step mathematical solutions for geometry, algebra, and arithmetic problems.English Comprehension: Analysis of previous year reading passages, synonyms, antonyms, and error detection.General Awareness: Historical, geographical, and scientific questions with detailed background information.

Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits, Volume 6

Description: Volume 6 brings the series total to approximately 6,000 practical electronic circuits. This volume maintains the user-friendly alphabetical arrangement by category, offering another 1,000+ modern circuit designs. It is particularly noted for including a cumulative index that spans all six volumes, making it the ultimate broad-spectrum collection for electronics professionals and hobbyists alike.Detailed Topics:Specialized Communication: Amateur Television (ATV) circuits, Morse code practice systems, and AGC/ALC networks.Environmental & Industrial: Air-flow circuits (anemometers), humidity sensors, and ion circuits.Advanced Audio: Audio levelers, high-power audio amplifiers for vehicles, and general-purpose AF preamps.Monitoring & Testing: Battery monitors, tracer circuits, and oscilloscope voltage cursor adapters.Signal Processing: Digital comb filters, frequency doublers, and voltage-controlled amplifier circuits.

Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits, Volume 5

Description: Adding another 1,000 circuits to the series, Volume 5 covers nearly every phase of contemporary electronic technology. Authors Graf and Sheets combine their original designs with up-to-date industry circuits, each accompanied by concise functional descriptions. A significant feature of this volume is the cumulative index for Volumes 1 through 5, providing instant access to roughly 5,000 categorized circuits.Detailed Topics:Communication: Light-beam communication, fax-related circuits, and advanced RF oscillator designs.Home & Safety: Doorbell circuits, gas detectors, motion detectors, and pest control circuits.Analytical Tools: Geiger counters, lie detectors, and ion generator designs.Digital Systems: Video circuits, SCA circuits, and microprocessor interface designs.Control Mechanisms: Stepper motor controls, load-sensing circuits, and remote-control applications.

Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits, Volume 4

Description: Volume 4, by Rudolf F. Graf and William Sheets, introduces a collection of over 1,000 new circuit ideas, most of which appeared in publications after 1988. It is organized into 104 chapters and is specifically tailored to provide a starting point for new research and development projects. This volume emphasizes modern applications and continues the series' signature style of providing schematic-based design solutions with brief explanations.Detailed Topics:Antenna Systems: Active antennas with gain, wideband rod antennas, and antenna tuners.Modern Audio: Audio scramblers, compressor/expander circuits, and advanced audio effect designs.Automotive Tech: Automotive security, light control, and advanced engine instrumentation.Advanced Testing: High-frequency/RF measuring, sound test circuits, and microwave amplifier designs.Power Management: High-voltage supplies, variable regulators, and power-supply monitoring systems.

Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits, Volume 2

Description: As a companion to the first volume, Volume 2 expands the series with well over 1,400 new circuits organized into 108 chapters. Authored by Rudolf F. Graf, this volume continues the tradition of providing practical, ready-to-use circuit ideas with brief explanatory text for almost every entry. It includes original designs as well as those gathered from extensive industry research, making it indispensable for both serious researchers and casual browsers.Detailed Topics:Signal Conversion: Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, and various frequency-to-voltage conversion methods.Instrumentation: Bridge circuits, capacitance meters, field strength meters, and advanced instrumentation amplifiers.Digital & Logic: Computer-related circuits, logic amplifiers, and data-handling designs.Sensing & Control: Humidity sensors, LVDT circuits, proximity sensors, and Hall effect applications.Audio & Entertainment: Sirens, warblers, wailers, games, and advanced sound effect generators.

Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits, Volume 1

Description: Authored by Rudolf F. Graf, this foundational volume is a massive compilation of nearly 2,000 functional electronic circuits. It serves as a comprehensive reference for engineers, hobbyists, and experimenters, featuring designs culled from prestigious industry sources and periodicals. The book is designed for quick reference, providing schematic diagrams often accompanied by brief explanatory notes to facilitate immediate understanding and application.Detailed Topics:Audio & Amplifiers: Audio mixers, power amplifiers, signal amplifiers, oscillators, and crossover networks.Measurement & Testing: Frequency meters, capacitance-operated circuits, current measuring, and various probes.Power Systems: Battery chargers and monitors, fixed and variable power supplies, protection circuits, and DC/AC converters.Specialty Circuits: Fiber optic circuits, infrared, light-activated controls, ultrasonic, and medical electronics.Security & Automotive: Alarms (burglar, automotive, smoke), antitheft devices, and various vehicle sensors.

Why I Killed the Mahatma

Description: In this book, Dr. Koenraad Elst provides a scholarly commentary on the court statement of Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi. The book seeks to move past the label of "religious fanaticism" to understand the political rationale behind the murder, while also pointing out Godse's factual errors and exaggerations.Detailed Topics:Godse's Background: A look at the Chitpavan community and the social environment that shaped Godse's secular nationalist views.Critique of Gandhi: Godse’s arguments against Gandhi’s political strategy, including his handling of the Khilafat Movement and the Round Table Conferences.Partition Politics: Analysis of Gandhi's responsibility for the Partition and Godse's outrage over policies he viewed as "appeasement" of Muslims.Post-Partition Tensions: The specific incident involving the release of foreign exchange reserves to Pakistan during the war in Kashmir.Alternative Hindu Voices: A concluding assessment of Gandhi’s legacy by Hindutva scholars like Ram Swarup and Sita Ram Goel.

The Economy of Andhra Pradesh

Description: This special issue of the prestigious Indian Economic Journal is a collection of academic papers focusing on the challenges faced by the state following its bifurcation from Telangana. It offers a critical appraisal of the state's finances and its attempts to scale a higher growth trajectory.Detailed Topics:Impact of Bifurcation: Critical analysis of the A.P. Reorganisation Act 2014 and the resulting financial "doldrums" and resource crunch.Structural Changes: Changes in the residuary state’s structure between 1960 and 2015, including urban development comparisons with TelanganaAgriculture & Allied Sectors: Research on agrarian distress, farmers' suicides, organic farming, and the "Blue Revolution" in fisheries.Industrial & Service Sectors: Performance of SEZs, the impact of industrial air pollution on health, and the development of the IT and services sectors.Social Security: Evaluations of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, MGNREGA performance, and the role of the Public Distribution System (PDS).

History of Medieval India

Description: This classic work by renowned historian Satish Chandra provides an in-depth analysis of India between 800 and 1700 AD. It moves beyond mere political timelines to explore the societal, economic, and cultural transformations that occurred under various empires, from the Cholas to the Mughals.Detailed Topics:Early Medieval North: The struggle for domination between the Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas.South Indian Empires: The rise of the Cholas, their local self-government systems, and the later Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdoms.The Delhi Sultanat: Rule of the Mameluk, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties, including their administrative and economic reforms.The Mughal Empire: Consolidation under Akbar, the climax of the empire under Aurangzeb, and the eventual decline and rise of the Marathas.Cultural & Economic Life: Developments in Bhakti and Sufi movements, temple architecture, foreign trade, and the evolution of the caste system.

History of Modern Andhra Pradesh 1858-2016 (P.R. Rao)

Description: Authored by Dr. P. R. Rao, a retired professor from S.V. University, this book provides a thorough account of the modern era of the state. It covers the transition from colonial rule under the Company and the British Crown to the 2014 bifurcation and the subsequent development of the "Sunrise State" under recent leadership.Detailed Topics:Colonial Era: The coming of Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, English), the acquisition of Madras, and Andhra under Company and Crown rule.National Movement: The awakening of Andhra, the birth of the Andhra Movement, and its role in the Indian National Movement.State Formation: The 1953 formation of Andhra state, the 1956 emergence of united Andhra Pradesh, and subsequent political crises.Post-Bifurcation Development: The A.P. Reorganization Act 2014, the construction of the new capital Amaravati, and modern industrial reforms.Appendices: A historical survey of Telugu literature and profiles of eminent Andhras and Chief Ministers.

Early History of Andhra Pradesh

Description: Published by Knowledgegainers.in, this guide covers the ancient and medieval history of the Andhra region. It traces the political and cultural accounts of the land from mythological references in the Sanskrit epics to the rise of major dynasties that shaped the Telugu identity.Detailed Topics:The Satavahanas: The first major political power in Andhra, their rule from 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD, and the use of Prakrit in their courts.Post-Satavahana Era: The rise of local rulers and small kingdoms like the Ikshvakus, Brihatpalayanas, and Vishnukundinas.The Ikshvakus of Nagarjunakonda: Their role as patrons of Buddhism and the development of sculptural art and architecture at Vijayapuri.Buddhist Heritage: The visit of Buddha to Amaravati, the construction of Great Stupas at Jaggayyapeta and Ramireddipalle, and sea trade with Lanka.The Pallavas: Their emergence as an ancient South Indian kingdom and their transition from the Guntur district to establishing a capital at Kanchipuram.

Geography: India & Andhra Pradesh

Description: This book is a comprehensive "Question & Answer" guide published by the 21st Century IAS Academy under the chairmanship of P. Krishna Pradeep. It is specifically designed for APPSC Group-II Mains, providing detailed descriptive answers to help students master both the static and current aspects of Indian and Andhra Pradesh geography.Detailed Topics:Physical Features: Formation and features of the Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic plains, and the Peninsular plateau.Water Resources: River interlinking projects (Godavari-Krishna link), National Perspective Plan (NPP), and groundwater recharge challenges.Environmental Hazards: Causes and mitigation of natural disasters like earthquakes, avalanches, landslides, and urban flooding.Conservation & Wildlife: National habitat restoration, Project Tiger, and the significance of the Cheetah relocation project in Kuno National Park.Innovation & Industry: Factors defining industrial innovation and government programs aimed at sectoral growth.

Economy of Andhra Pradesh

Description: This study material, compiled by Our Study Circle, is specifically prepared for APPSC exams. It provides a targeted overview of the economic landscape of Andhra Pradesh, emphasizing its transition from an agrarian base to a service-oriented economy. It is highly useful for students needing current data on the state's budget and developmental schemes.Detailed Topics:State Economic Profile: Main features of the AP economy, GSDP sectoral shares, and the Vision-2020 document.Natural & Energy Resources: Detailed look at the state's natural wealth, energy potential, and transport infrastructure.Agricultural Sector: Rice production, horticulture growth engines, and the state’s emergence as a "world aqua hub".Policy & Finance: Main features of the state budget, tax reforms, fiscal policy, and various social welfare schemes and projects.Human Development: Analysis of the Human Development Index (HDI) and social security programs within the state.

Arihant Magbook: Indian Economy

Description: Authored by Rakesh Kumar Roshan, this guide is tailored for aspirants of the Civil Services (Pre) and other competitive exams. It focuses on the topical coverage of the syllabus while integrating important facts from NCERT books. The book is designed to provide a clear understanding of the structural changes in the Indian economy and features previous years' solved papers and 5 practice sets.Detailed Topics:Economic Foundations: Meaning of economics, types of economies, and detailed methods for calculating National Income.Planning & Growth: History of planning in India, Five Year Plans, NITI Aayog, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Financial System: Money supply measures, RBI and credit control, banking sector reforms (Basel Norms), and stock exchanges (NSE, BSE).Public Finance & Policy: Types of taxes, the 15th Finance Commission, Fiscal Policy (FRBM Act), and India's Balance of Payments (BOP).Socio-Economic Issues: Poverty and unemployment estimations, government schemes (MGNREGS, PMJDY), and International Organizations (IMF, World Bank, WTO).

Arihant Magbook: India & World Geography

Description: Authored by Vivek Sharma and Deepika Singh, this "Magbook" is a hybrid study guide designed for Civil Services and State PCS examinations. It combines the depth of a textbook with the concise nature of a magazine, specifically focusing on facts derived from NCERT (Class 6-12) to build a strong foundation for competitive exams. The book includes over 3000 MCQs and 5 practice sets to ensure thorough revision and exam readiness.Detailed Topics:Physical Geography: The Universe and Solar System, Geomorphology (Interior of the Earth, Earth Movements), Climatology (Atmospheric circulations, Cyclones), and Oceanography (Salinity, Ocean currents, Coral reefs).Human & Economic Geography: Evolution of man, population distribution, world forest resources, and global mineral distribution.Indian Geography: Physical aspects (drainage, climate, vegetation), Indian Agriculture (Green Revolution, irrigation), and industrial features of India.Environment & Ecology: Basic concepts of ecosystems, biodiversity hotspots, climate change (Kyoto Protocol, Rio Declaration), and Disaster Management in India.

SBI Clerk Prelims 2021 Complete Online Study Kit

Description: Produced by Dream Big Institution, this "All-in-One" E-Book is a targeted kit for the SBI Clerk Preliminary exam. It features over 1500 exam-level questions, chapter-wise tips and tricks, and detailed solutions. It is designed to help students master speed and accuracy through intensive practice.Detailed Topics:Reasoning Ability: Alphanumeric Series, Data Sufficiency, Machine Input-Output, and specific strategies for solving Puzzles quickly.Quantitative Aptitude: Practice questions on simplification, arithmetic, and data interpretation, along with "Data Sufficiency" steps for Quant.English Language: Reading Comprehension, Cloze Tests, Error Detection, and Sentence Rearrangement.Exam Preparation: Guidance on "How to Prepare for SBI Clerk" and analysis of previous year questions asked in SBI exams.

IBPS Bank Clerk Preliminary Exam Mega Book Guide

Description: Published by Disha Publication, this "Mega Book" is a complete guide for the IBPS Clerk Preliminary exam. It is divided into two parts: Part A provides comprehensive theory and chapter-wise exercises, while Part B contains 15 full-length practice sets with detailed solutions for self-evaluation.Detailed Topics:English Language: Detailed English Grammar (Syntax, Morphology, Parts of Speech), Cloze Tests, Mis-spelt words, and Idioms & Phrases.Reasoning Ability: Analogy, Coding-Decoding, Blood Relations, Direction Sense, Analytical Puzzles, and Non-Verbal Reasoning.Numerical Ability: Number Systems, Algebraic Expressions, Inequalities, Ratio & Proportion, Time & Work, and Data Sufficiency.Practice Component: 15 Practice Sets covering the entire syllabus to build exam-day speed and accuracy.

Banking Crack Book

Description: This book is designed as a focused "crash course" guide to crack bank exams, specifically targeting the IBPS PO and Clerk patterns. It compiles study material from various renowned sources to provide a study plan, detailed syllabus analysis, and practice sets.Detailed Topics:Exam Strategy: Detailed IBPS syllabus analysis and a step-by-step study plan to crack the exam.Reasoning: Syllogism (Venn diagram approach), Coded Inequalities, Puzzles (Floor/Box), and Seating Arrangements (Linear/Circular).Quantitative Aptitude: Simplification/Approximation, Data Interpretation (Pie/Bar/Line charts), and miscellaneous arithmetic (Time & Work, Profit & Loss, Probability).English & General Awareness: Reading Comprehension notes, Grammar rules (Prepositions, Pronouns), and Banking/Financial Awareness.Computer Knowledge: Hardware fundamentals, MS Office, and Internet/Memory concepts.

Banking Awareness by Arihant (Revised Edition)

Description: Authored by Rakesh Kumar Roshan, this book is a comprehensive manual for Banking and Financial Awareness. It serves as a theory-cum-question bank, making it useful for IBPS, SBI, RBI, and other competitive exams. It features chapter-wise notes, a question bank of the last 10 years (2011–2020), and special sections on the Union Budget and current financial affairs.Detailed Topics:Banking Foundations: History of Indian Banking, Indian Banking Structure, and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).Banking Operations: Banking Regulation System, Innovation in Banking (Payment/Small Finance Banks), and Banking Services.Financial Markets: Money and Financial Markets, Capital Markets, Insurance, and NBFCs.Economics & Policy: Tax System in India, Public Finance and Budget, Industry and Trade, and International Organizations.Current Updates: Important Government Schemes and Financial & Banking Current Affairs.

500+ Must Do Questions for IBPS Clerk Mains

Description: This book is a specialized practice guide tailored specifically for the IBPS Clerk Mains examination. Authored by the "Guidely" team, it focuses on high-level questions that mirror the actual exam's complexity. The book is structured to provide intensive practice across all major sections, including Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning, English, and General Awareness.Detailed Topics:Quantitative Aptitude: Quadratic equations (roots with HCF/LCM), Data Interpretation (Pie charts, Bar graphs, Missing tables), Caselets (Profit & Loss, SI/CI, Partnership, Mixtures), and Number Series (Variable-based).Reasoning Ability: New pattern Input-Output, Computer Aptitude, Coded Directions, Symbol-based Inequalities, Reverse and Coded Syllogism, and complex Puzzles (Floor with Flat, Unknown Boxes).English Language: Para-jumbles, Column matching, Word swapping, and Reading Comprehension focusing on themes like Climate Change and Economy.General Awareness: Power capsule covering financial institutions, unemployment, and government schemes.

NCERT Class 12 Geography: Practical Work in Geography – Part II

Title: Advanced Data Analysis & GIS: NCERT Class 12 Geography Practical GuideDescription: As geography moves toward quantitative analysis, "Practical Work in Geography – Part II" equips students with the tools to process large volumes of data. This book focuses on statistical methods, graphical representation, and the cutting-edge field of Spatial Information Technology.Key Focus Areas & Chapters:Data – Its Source and Compilation: Differentiating between Primary (interviews, observations) and Secondary (census, government reports) data sources.Data Processing: Mastering Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) and understanding data distribution through frequency polygons and Ogives.Graphical Representation of Data: Constructing advanced visual tools like Polygraphs, Multiple Bar Diagrams, Pie Diagrams, and Flow Maps to show movement of goods and people.Spatial Information Technology (GIS): An introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), covering raster and vector data formats, and the sequence of GIS activities from data input to analysis.Field Surveys: Practical methodology for conducting socio-economic surveys and collecting on-ground data.

NCERT Class 11 Geography: Practical Work in Geography – Part I

Title: Master Cartography & Map Making: NCERT Class 11 Geography Practical Guide Description: Dive into the scientific art of map-making with "Practical Work in Geography – Part I." This textbook transitions students from theoretical geography to hands-on analysis, covering the essential requirements of a map: scale, projection, design, and construction. It bridges the gap between classroom learning and real-world spatial representation.Detailed Chapter & Topic Breakdown:Introduction to Maps: Understanding the transformation of the 3D geoid earth into 2D maps and the history of cartography from Mesopotamia to the Survey of India.Map Scale: Mastering the methods of expressing scale, including Statement of Scale, Graphical (Bar) Scale, and Representative Fraction (R.F.).Latitude, Longitude, and Time: Exploring the geographical grid, calculating local time based on meridians, and understanding the International Date Line.Map Projections: Technical details on constructing Conical, Cylindrical, and Mercator projections while preserving global properties like area and shape.Topographical Maps: Learning to read Survey of India toposheets, identifying conventional signs, and interpreting relief through contours.Introduction to Remote Sensing: A modern look at satellite imagery and data acquisition

NCERT Class 12 Geography (Part 2): India – People and Economy

Title: Modern India's Economy & Society: NCERT Class 12 Geography Guide Description: "India: People and Economy" provides a data-driven look at India’s demographic composition, urbanisation trends, and the spatial distribution of its economic resources.Major Topics Covered:Population: Distribution, density, growth, and composition in India.Human Settlements: Urbanisation levels and functional classification of towns.Resource Base: Detailed look at land, water, mineral, and energy resources in the Indian context.Planning & Sustainable Development: Case studies on regional planning and environmental issues.

NCERT Class 12 Geography (Part 1): Fundamentals of Human Geography

Title: Human Geography Explained | NCERT Class 12 Fundamentals Part 1 Description: This book explores the human dimension of geography, analyzing how people interact with their environment through economic activities, settlements, and trade.Core Concepts:Human Development: Concepts, components, and the Human Development Index (HDI).Economic Activities: Primary (farming/mining), Secondary (manufacturing), and Tertiary (services) sectors.International Trade: The role of the WTO and global trade patterns.

NCERT Class 11 Geography (Part 2): India - Physical Environment

Title: India’s Physical Environment: Detailed NCERT Class 11 Geography Guide Description: Complementing the fundamentals, this book applies physical geography principles specifically to the Indian subcontinent, covering its unique physiography and drainage systems.Key Syllabus Highlights:Location: India's place in the world and territorial limits.Physiography: Structural divisions of India and its diverse landforms.Drainage System: Comprehensive analysis of Indian river basins.Natural Hazards: Causes and management of disasters like floods and earthquakes.

NCERT Class 11 Geography (Part 1): Fundamentals of Physical Geography

Title: The Bible of Physical Geography | NCERT Class 11 Fundamentals Description: Often considered the most important book for UPSC aspirants, this text covers the scientific principles behind the Earth’s physical environment, from plate tectonics to world climate change.Thematic Units:The Earth: Origin, evolution, and the interior of our planet.Landforms: Geomorphic processes and the evolution of land features.Climate: Atmospheric circulation, solar radiation, and weather systems.Oceans: Movement of ocean water, tides, and currents.

NCERT Class 10 Geography: Contemporary India – II

Title: Advanced Indian Geography: NCERT Class 10 Contemporary India – II Description: The Class 10 textbook covers the functional aspects of India's geography, focusing on resource planning, forest management, and the lifelines of the national economy.Key Chapters:Resources and Development: Planning and sustainable use of land and soil.Forest and Wildlife: Categories of species and conservation movements like the Chipko Movement.Water Resources: Scarcity, management, and multi-purpose river projects.Agriculture & Minerals: Detailed data on crops, mining, and energy resources.

NCERT Class 9 Geography: Contemporary India – I

Title: NCERT Class 9 Geography Notes: Contemporary India – I Description: "Contemporary India – I" focuses specifically on the physical geography of India. It is an essential read for anyone wanting to understand India’s size, location, and diverse physical features.Major Focus Areas:India – Size and Location: Geographical extent and the significance of its central location in Asia.Physical Features: Detailed study of the Himalayas, Northern Plains, and the Peninsular Plateau.Drainage: Understanding India's major river systems—the Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.Climate & Population: The monsoon mechanism and demographic trends in India.

NCERT Class 8 Geography: Resources and Development

Title: Resource Management & Sustainability: NCERT Class 8 Geography Guide Description: This book, "Resources and Development," is a critical resource for understanding how natural and human-made assets drive a nation's economy. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable development in the 21st century.Detailed Chapter Breakdown:Resources: Definition, types (natural, human-made), and conservation.Land, Soil, and Water: Analysis of critical abiotic resources and their degradation.Agriculture & Industries: The backbone of the economy, covering farming types and industrial locations.Human Resources: Understanding population as a vital asset.

NCERT Class 7 Geography: Our Environment

Title: Master Environmental Science with NCERT Class 7 Geography : Our Environment Description: Class 7 Geography shifts focus toward the dynamic relationship between humans and their surroundings. It provides a deep dive into the various spheres of the environment and how they interact to support life.Key Syllabus Highlights:Inside Our Earth: A look at the crust, mantle, and core.Air and Water: Understanding the composition of the atmosphere and the hydrological cycle.Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Exploration of different biomes and biodiversity.Human-Environment Interaction: Case studies from the Tropical and Subtropical regions

NCERT Class 6 Geography: The Earth Our Habitat

Title: Comprehensive Guide to NCERT Class 6 Geography : The Earth Our Habitat Description: Embark on an introductory journey to understand our home planet with "The Earth: Our Habitat." This textbook simplifies complex astronomical and geographical concepts for young learners, providing a foundation for environmental awareness.Core Chapters & Topics:The Earth in the Solar System: Exploring stars, planets, and our unique position in the galaxy.Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes: Understanding the grid system used for location and time.Motions of the Earth: Rotation and revolution explained in detail.Major Domains & Landforms: Insights into the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere.

NCERT Class 12 Political Science (Part 2): Politics in India Since Independence

Title: Modern Indian History & Politics | NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 2Description: A definitive account of India's political journey from the "tryst with destiny" in 1947 to recent coalition politics. It covers the challenges of nation-building, the era of one-party dominance, and the rise of popular movements.Historical & Political Milestones:Nation Building: The integration of princely states and the trauma of Partition.The Congress System: The rise, challenges, and restoration of Congress dominance.Crisis of Order: A detailed look at the Emergency (1975) and its impact on Indian democracy.Recent Developments: The rise of the BJP, the Mandal Commission, and the era of coalitions.

NCERT Class 12 Political Science (Part 1): Contemporary World Politics

Title: Global Politics Decoded: NCERT Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Description: Essential for understanding the post-WWII international order. This book tracks the shift from the Cold War's bipolarity to US hegemony and the rise of new power centers like the EU and ASEAN.Global Issues Covered:Cold War Era & Disintegration of USSR: The rise and fall of superpowers.International Organizations: The role of the UN and its agencies in a changing world.Security & Environment: Non-traditional threats like terrorism and global environmental degradation.Globalisation: The economic, cultural, and political impact of an interconnected world.

NCERT Class 11 Political Science (Part 2): Political Theory

Title: Understanding Political Theory | NCERT Class 11 Political Science Part 2Description: This book trains students to think rationally about the values that inform political life. It explores abstract concepts like freedom, equality, and justice, making them relevant through modern interpretations and debates.Thematic Concepts:Freedom & Equality: Distinguishing between negative and positive liberty.Social Justice & Rights: Probing the meaning of a "just society" and the origin of rights.Nationalism & Secularism: Examining the ideas that bind and sometimes divide societies.

NCERT Class 11 Political Science (Part 1): Indian Constitution at Work

Title: The Ultimate Guide to the Indian Constitution | NCERT Class 11 Pol Science Description: This is the "go-to" book for anyone wanting to master the mechanics of the Indian government. It explains how the Constitution serves as an authority that constitutes the government and sets fundamental limits on its power.Syllabus Highlights:Constitution: Why and How?: The philosophy and making of the Indian Constitution.Rights & Elections: Detailed analysis of Fundamental Rights and the Indian electoral system.The Three Organs: Comprehensive chapters on the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary.Federalism & Local Government: The structure of power between Centre and States, and the importance of grassroots governance.

NCERT Class 10 Political Science: Democratic Politics – II

Title: Advanced Democracy Concepts: NCERT Class 10 Political Science DescriptionDescription: "Democratic Politics – II" carries forward the idea of power-sharing and explores how democracies handle social diversity, popular struggles, and political competition. It is essential for understanding the functional outcomes and challenges of democratic governance.Key Chapters:Power Sharing & Federalism: Case studies of Belgium and Sri Lanka to illustrate the necessity of sharing power.Democracy and Diversity: How social divisions like gender, religion, and caste interact with politics.Popular Struggles: The role of pressure groups and social movements in deepening democracy.Political Parties: The necessity, functions, and reform of political parties in India.

NCERT Class 9 Political Science: Democratic Politics – I

Title: NCERT Class 9 Democratic Politics – I | In-depth Political Science Guide Description: Class 9 marks a shift from "Civics" to "Political Science." This book, "Democratic Politics – I," serves as a tour of contemporary democracy, using stories from around the world - like Poland, Chile, and Iraq - to define what makes a country truly democratic.Major Topics Covered:What is Democracy? Why Democracy?: Defining the features and merits of democratic systems.Constitutional Design: A comparative study of the South African and Indian Constitutions.Electoral Politics: The mechanism of elections, reserved constituencies, and the role of the Election Commission in India.Working of Institutions: The powers of the Prime Minister, President, and the Parliament.Democratic Rights: An exploration of Fundamental Rights and their expansion over time.

NCERT Class 8 Political Science: Social and Political Life – III

Title: Master the Indian Constitution with NCERT Class 8 Political Science Description: "Social and Political Life – III" for Class 8 is a critical resource for understanding the Indian Constitution and the Judiciary. It emphasizes the role of ordinary citizens in a democracy and provides a lens to analyze contemporary social issues like marginalization.Core Focus Areas:The Constitution & Secularism: Why we need a Constitution and the unique nature of Indian secularism.Parliament & Law-making: The role of the Parliament and how unpopular or controversial laws are handled.The Judiciary: Understanding the criminal justice system and the importance of an independent judiciary.Social Justice: In-depth study of marginalized groups, including Adivasis and Muslims, and the laws protecting them.

NCERT Class 7 Political Science: Social and Political Life – II

Title: NCERT Class 7 Political Science Textbook Summary | Social and Political Life – II Description: The Class 7 textbook delves deeper into the concept of Equality in Indian Democracy. It challenges students to look beyond constitutional provisions and understand the reality of inequality experienced by various communities in India and globally.Detailed Chapter Breakdown:Unit 1: Equality: Focusing on dignity and the government's role in addressing inequalities.Unit 2: State Government: How the Legislative Assembly works and the role of the government in health.Unit 3: Gender: Growing up as boys and girls, and how women are changing the world.Unit 4: Media & Advertising: Understanding the influence of mass media and the ethics of advertising.Unit 5: Markets: A "Chain of Markets" approach, following a shirt from the producer to the consumer.

NCERT Class 6 Political Science: Social and Political Life – I

Title: Comprehensive Guide to NCERT Class 6 Political Science | Social and Political Life – I Description: Kickstart your journey into the world of civics with the NCERT Class 6 Political Science textbook. Titled "Social and Political Life – I," this book moves away from rote learning to help young minds understand diversity, government, and livelihoods through real-life narratives and case studies.Key Themes & Chapters:Diversity & Discrimination: Understanding what makes us unique and how to challenge prejudices.Government: Exploration of what a government is and the key elements of a democratic system.Local Government & Administration: Insights into Panchayati Raj, Rural and Urban Administration.Livelihoods: Detailed look at how people earn a living in rural and urban India. SEO Benefit: Perfect for school exams and foundational building for competitive exams like UPSC and State PSCs.

YCT RRB General Knowledge Book: Complete Guide

This book, "RRB General Knowledge (GK) 2024," is a highly specialized study resource published by Youth Competition Times (YCT), specifically designed for candidates preparing for Indian Railway exams. It follows the TCS Pattern and features Chapter-wise and Type-wise Solved Papers to ensure targeted preparation for various technical and non-technical roles.Core Subjects and Syllabus CoverageThe book offers an exhaustive breakdown of General Knowledge, ensuring that every significant subject area is covered for exams like NTPC, Group D, ALP, RPF, and JE:Indian History: Includes ancient, medieval, and modern Indian history, focusing on key movements and historical timelines.Indian Polity & Constitution: Detailed questions on the framing of the Constitution, Articles, Amendments, and the structure of the Indian government.Geography: Covers both Indian and World Geography, including natural resources, climates, and topographical data.Economy: Highlights the Indian economy, banking systems, and important government-led fiscal initiatives.General Science: Integrates Physics, Chemistry, and Biology essentials that are frequently tested in Railway exams.Computer Knowledge: Addresses basic computer operations, hardware, software, and digital terminology.Key Features for Railway AspirantsTCS Pattern Alignment: The questions are structured according to the latest trends set by TCS, which is the primary conducting agency for most Railway exams.Solved Papers: The book includes previous year questions with detailed analytical explanations, helping students understand the logic behind each correct answer.Chapter-wise & Type-wise Organization: Content is categorized into specific chapters and then further broken down by question type, allowing for systematic and efficient revision.Static GK & Current Affairs: Provides a blend of static facts and current event updates relevant to the 2024-2025 exam cycle.High-Probability Question Bank: Features "Expected Questions" based on recent exam analysis to help aspirants prioritize high-yield topics.

YCT PUBLICATIONS RRB GENERAL SCIENCE BOOK: COMPLETE GUIDE

This book, titled "General Science", is a comprehensive study resource designed specifically for competitive examinations such as SSC (CGL, CHSL, MTS, CPO, GD), Railway (NTPC, ALP, Group D), Banking, and various State-level exams. It is published by Youth Competition Times (YCT) and serves as a vital tool for mastering scientific concepts through a systematic approach.Key Components and OrganizationThe guide is meticulously divided into three primary scientific disciplines to ensure targeted learning:Physics: Covers fundamental principles, mechanics, optics, and electricity.Chemistry: Includes organic and inorganic chemistry, periodic tables, and chemical reactions.Biology: Focuses on human anatomy, botany, zoology, and health sciences.Core Features for Aspirants100 Expected Questions: The book features a curated set of 100 high-probability questions specifically tailored for SSC CGL Tier 2.Detailed Explanations: Every answer is accompanied by a thorough explanation to help students understand the "why" behind every fact, which is crucial for tackling conceptual questions.Multidisciplinary Approach: Beyond core science, the text integrates modern sections such as Space Technology & Defense, covering missions like Gaganyaan and ISRO's latest launch vehicles.Current Scientific Trends: It includes information on the latest technological advancements, such as 5G standards, AI platforms like AIRAWAT, and environmental schemes like the National Green Hydrogen Mission.Static GK Integration: The book blends science with relevant Art, Culture, and History to provide a well-rounded preparation experience.

Comprehensive Arithmetic for Competitive Exams

DescriptionUnlock your mathematical potential with the ultimate guide to Arithmetic, specifically engineered for students preparing for SSC (CGL, CHSL, MTS), Banking (IBPS, SBI), Railways, and State PSC exams. This book transforms complex mathematical concepts into easy-to-understand modules, ensuring that learners of all levels can achieve mastery over numbers.The content is meticulously structured to move from foundational basics to advanced problem-solving techniques. Whether you are struggling with Percentage calculations or looking to shave seconds off your Time & Work problems, this book provides the "Short-Cut" methods and logical approaches required to excel in time-pressured environments.What’s Inside the Book?Fundamental Arithmetic Operations: Crystal-clear explanations of Number Systems, HCF & LCM, and Simplification.Commercial Mathematics: In-depth coverage of Ratio & Proportion, Percentage, Profit & Loss, and Simple/Compound Interest.Time & Motion: Master the intricacies of Time, Speed & Distance, Train problems, and Work & Wages.Data Interpretation (DI): Specialized techniques to interpret tables, bar graphs, and pie charts with speed and accuracy.Practice Modules: Over 2,000+ solved examples and practice questions categorized by difficulty level (Easy, Moderate, Hard).Previous Year Questions: Includes a dedicated section for actual exam questions from the last 10 years to help you understand current trends.

Census of India: Statistical Mind Mapping

Description: This analytical handbook provides a concise yet thorough summary of the 2011 Census of India data. It is an essential resource for understanding the demographic landscape of the country, focusing on population, literacy, and density metrics.Key Highlights:Population Metrics: Identifies Uttar Pradesh as the most populous state and Sikkim as the least.Density & Growth: Compares population density, highlighting Delhi as the highest and Arunachal Pradesh as the lowest.Literacy & Gender: Provides comparative data on literacy rates, led by Kerala, and child sex ratios across various districts.District-Level Insights: Pinpoints specific high and low achievers, such as Serchhip (Highest Literacy) and Alirajpur (Lowest Literacy).Urbanization: Notes major city-level data, including Mumbai as the highest population center.

Festivals of India: A Cultural Calendar

Description: This book acts as a seasonal guide to the vast array of festivals celebrated across the Indian subcontinent. It categorizes events by state, highlighting the religious, social, and agricultural significance of each celebration.Key Highlights:Agricultural & New Year Festivals: Covers Pongal (Tamil Nadu), Onam (Kerala), Bihu (Assam), and various regional New Year celebrations like Ugadi and Puthandu.Unique Cultural Events: Includes specific traditions like the Hemis Festival (Ladakh), Ambubachi Mela (Assam), and Jallikattu (Tamil Nadu).Spiritual Gatherings: Documents major pilgrimages and melas, such as the Gangasagar Mela (West Bengal) and Khajuraho Festival (Madhya Pradesh).North-Eastern Festivities: Explores tribal festivals like Hornbill and Sekrenyi (Nagaland) and Chapchar Kut (Mizoram).

The Folk Dances of India

Description: A vibrant cultural atlas, this book catalogs the myriad folk and tribal dance traditions that define the grassroots heritage of India’s states and Union Territories. It provides a state-by-state breakdown of performances used for celebrations, harvest, and rituals.Key Highlights:Regional Diversity: Highlights iconic dances such as Garba and Dandiya Raas (Gujarat), Lavani (Maharashtra), Bihu (Assam), and Ghoomar (Rajasthan).Ritualistic Forms: Details spiritual performances like Theyyam (Kerala), Yakshagana (Karnataka), and Lai Haroba (Manipur).Tribal Traditions: Covers the unique styles of the Northeast, including the Bamboo Dance (Mizoram) and Hojagiri (Tripura).Performance Elements: Mentions specific theatrical styles like Nautanki (Uttar Pradesh) and Tamasha (Maharashtra).

Classical Dances Exponent

Description: This book is a definitive directory of India’s eight recognized classical dance forms as sanctioned by the Sangeet Natak Akademi. It traces the roots of Indian dance back to the Natya Shastra by Bharat Muni and the Abhinaya Darpan by Nandikesvarama.Key Highlights:Dance Classification: Covers all major forms: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (Uttar Pradesh), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Kathakali and Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Manipuri (Manipur), Sattriya (Assam), and Odissi (Odisha).Celebrated Artists: Lists world-renowned exponents such as Rukmini Devi Arundale (Bharatnatyam), Birju Maharaj (Kathak), and the Jhaveri Sisters (Manipuri).Philosophical Foundations: Explains the dual nature of dance—Lasya (Feminine/Parvati) and Tandava (Masculine/Shiva).Contemporary Recognition: Identifies modern-day icons like Narthaki Nataraj and Sonal Mansingh.

Indian Musical Instruments & Masters

Description: This comprehensive guide serves as an encyclopedic reference for the diverse world of Indian classical and folk musical instruments. It classifies instruments into four primary categories based on traditional musicology: Chordophones (Tantu Vadya/Stringed), Aerophones (Sushir Vadya/Wind), Membranophones (Avanaddha Vadya/Percussion), and Idiophones (Ghan Vadya/Solid).Key Highlights:Stringed Instruments: Detailed sections on the Sitar, Veena, Surbahar, and Violin, featuring legendary maestros like Pt. Ravi Shankar and Vilayat Khan.Wind and Percussion: Exploration of the Shehnai (Ustad Bismillah Khan), Flute (Hariprasad Chaurasiya), and rhythmic giants like the Tabla (Zakir Hussain) and Mridangam.Historical Context: Notes on royal patrons, such as Samudragupta and Aurangzeb, who were known players of the Veena.Modern Achievements: Documentation of contemporary accolades, including Zakir Hussain’s 2024 Grammy Awards.

Electrical Engineer's Portable Handbook

Overview and ObjectivePurpose: The handbook is designed as a personal, everyday tool for electrical design professionals. Its concept is to compact the "20 percent of data that is needed 80 percent of the time" into a portable format.Utility: It is intended to be used on a drawing board, desk, or carried in a briefcase, rather than sitting on a bookshelf.Scope: It covers preliminary design data for buildings of all types and sizes, providing time-saving data, rules of thumb, and concept explanations.Target AudienceExperienced Practitioners: Provides myriad valuable data for speed and efficiency in the design process.Fledgling Professionals: Includes enough concept explanations and examples on critical topics to serve as a teaching tool for those new to the field.Structure and OrganizationThe book is structured to follow the chronological flow of a typical electrical design project:General Information: Checklists, symbols, NEMA configurations, and formulas.National Electrical Code (NEC) Data: Extensive tables and articles updated to the 2002 NEC.Service and Distribution: Load calculations, short-circuit analysis, and system configurations.Grounding and Protection: Grounding systems, ground fault protection, and lightning protection.Emergency and Standby Power: Generator sizing, UPS systems, and emergency arrangements.Lighting: Terms, illuminance levels, and lamp selection.Special Systems: Fire alarm systems and structured telecommunications cabling.Miscellaneous Special Applications: Niche topics like Mineral-Insulated (MI) cable, fire pumps, and harmonic mitigation.Key Subjects and FeaturesProject Execution Tools: Contains comprehensive checklists for project status, drawing design, and site design coordination.Technical Standards: Incorporates IEEE Standard Function Numbers for device identification and NEMA enclosure ratings.Emerging Technologies: The second edition added new sections on Blown Optical Fiber Technology (BOFT) and updated telecommunications information based on the latest BICSI standards.Calculation Aids: Provides formulas and charts for determining amperes, horsepower, and short-circuit currents at various points in a distribution system.Safety and Compliance: Heavy emphasis on the 2002 National Electrical Code, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mounting heights, and seismic requirements for equipment.

Electric Power: Generation, Transmission and Efficiency

Overview and PurposeEditor: The book is edited by Clément M. Lefebvre.Publisher: It was published in 2007 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc., based in New York.Mission: The book presents new and important research focused on the generation, transmission, and efficiency of electric power. It addresses the challenges of a world becoming increasingly electrified, with a focus on reliable and economic designs for transmission networks and emerging technologies like distributed generation.Subject Coverage and StructureThe book is organized into a Short Communication followed by six specialized chapters, each contributing to the theme of power systems:Power Quality and AI: The introductory section explores using Advanced Signal Processing (Wavelet Transform) and Artificial Intelligence (Neural Networks) to identify and measure power disturbances in current and voltage waveforms.Distributed Multi-Generation (DMG): Chapter 1 introduces a comprehensive approach to planning small-scale plants (below 1 MW) that simultaneously produce electricity, heat, and cooling power. It details the "Lambda Analysis" and "Lambda Transforms" to model energy interactions within these systems.Optimization Techniques: Chapter 2 discusses the use of Genetic Algorithms for solving complex power system problems, such as allocating compensating capacitors and optimizing network topology to improve security.Coal Combustion Modeling: Chapter 3 presents a methodology for predicting coal behavior and pollutant emissions in utility boilers using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) codes and experimental data.Electrogasdynamic (EGD) Power Conversion: Chapter 4 examines a process that converts thermal or kinetic energy directly into electricity without moving parts, using charged particles and high-velocity gas streamsLoad Modeling and Forecasting: Chapter 5 reviews new trends in forecasting techniques, including fuzzy logic and non-intrusive modeling to monitor residential consumption.Environmental Analysis: Chapter 6 analyzes the chemical structure of soot aerosol emitted from coal pyrolysis to better understand pollutant formation.Key Concepts and MethodologyLambda Analysis: A central theoretical framework introduced in the book for characterizing the production and demand sides of multi-generation plants by transforming various energy vectors into equivalent values.Efficiency and Sustainability: A strong emphasis is placed on improving energy generation efficiency and sustainability through technologies like cogeneration, trigeneration, and distributed generation.Technological Integration: The book highlights the integration of advanced software packages and simulation tools (like MATLAB and CFD codes) to prove the effectiveness of new power quality and combustion models.

SQL: Structured Query Language

Overview and ObjectivePurpose: The handbook is designed as a comprehensive course to teach the fundamentals of relational databases and the SQL language.Goal: By the end of the course, readers are expected to be able to query, maintain, and define relational databases using SQL.Scope: While it covers the full range of SQL's query capabilities and object creation, it explicitly states that it does not address database design.Book StructureThe book is organized into nine major chapters and several helpful appendices:Introduction: Basics of relational databases and an overview of what SQL is.Basic Queries: Fundamental techniques for selecting columns and rows, sorting data, and eliminating duplicates.Advanced Operators: Use of complex operators like LIKE, AND, OR, BETWEEN, IN, and IS NULL.Expressions: Performing arithmetic calculations and using column aliases.Functions: Application of statistical functions (SUM, AVG, etc.) and data grouping.Multi-Table Queries: Mastering joins, table aliases, and unions to combine data from different sources.Queries Within Queries: Detailed instruction on single-valued, multi-valued, and correlated subqueries.Maintaining Tables: Practical steps for inserting, updating, and deleting rows, as well as managing transactions.Defining Database Objects: Instructions for creating and removing tables, indices, and views, along with managing integrity constraints.Key Subjects CoveredRelational Database Fundamentals: Definition of tables, unique identification of rows by content, and the importance of unique table and column names.SQL Statement Categories:Query: Using the SELECT statement to display data.Maintenance: Using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE to manage table data.Definition: Using CREATE and DROP to manage database objects like tables and indices.Integrity and Optimization: Implementation of constraints such as PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, and NOT NULL to ensure data quality.Transactions: Using COMMIT and ROLLBACK to permanently apply or reverse changes.Educational FeaturesExercise Database: The book utilizes a consistent "logical database" (including tables like PERSONS, COUNTRIES, and ARMIES) for all examples and exercises.Practical Reinforcement: Each topic is supported by ample exercises, and a dedicated appendix provides the full answers to ensure mastery.Quick References: Includes a concise "Syntax Summary" for rapid lookup of command structures.Visual Aids: Uses tables and "Value Summary" boxes to clarify technical syntax for numbers, strings, and dates.

SQL for Beginner

This book, SQL for Beginner, is a comprehensive instructional guide designed to take readers from foundational database concepts to advanced optimization techniques. It is structured as a series of 100 key questions and answers, categorized into four distinct levels of expertise.Book Structure and ContentThe manual is organized into the following logical sections:Basic Level (Beginner): Focuses on fundamental concepts such as the definition of SQL and databases, types of SQL commands (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, DQL), and essential constraints like Primary and Foreign Keys. It also covers basic data retrieval techniques, including various types of Joins (Inner, Left, Right, Full, Self, and Cross Joins) and the differences between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP.Intermediate Level: Delves into more complex query structures such as Subqueries, Nested Queries, and Correlated Subqueries. It introduces advanced data organization tools like GROUP BY, ORDER BY, Common Table Expressions (CTE), Temporary Tables, and Window Functions (e.g., ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK).Advanced Level: Explores high-level database principles including ACID properties, transaction management (COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT), and index fragmentation. It also covers modern data formats like JSON and XML, as well as complex analytical queries like finding the "Nth highest salary" or "employees earning more than their managers".Real-Time Scenarios & Optimization: Provides practical solutions for common industry tasks, such as finding duplicate records, calculating age from a date of birth, and fetching alternate rows. The final section focuses on performance, offering best practices for query optimization, table partitioning, and avoiding deadlocks.Key Educational FeaturesComparative Analysis: The book frequently uses comparison tables to clarify the differences between similar concepts, such as UNION vs. JOIN, CHAR vs. VARCHAR, and OLTP vs. OLAP.Practical Examples: Most theoretical answers are accompanied by standard SQL syntax and concrete code examples to illustrate real-world application.Interview Preparedness: The question-and-answer format is specifically tailored to help readers prepare for technical interviews by addressing commonly asked questions.Visual Aids: The handbook utilizes Venn diagrams to explain Join logic and flowcharts to illustrate transaction states.

Electric Power Substations Engineering

Overview and ObjectiveEditor: The book is edited by John D. McDonald.Purpose: The primary objective is to provide an extensive overview of electric power substations, serving as both a comprehensive reference and a guide for study.Context: It is part of the Electrical Engineering Handbook Series by CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. The book aims to provide the information readers need about the subject at least 80% of the time.Target AudienceProfessionals: It is written for electric power-engineering professionals who require detailed design information.Other Engineering Disciplines: It also serves as an overview for mechanical or civil engineers who need specific information in one particular area.Students and Researchers: The chapters are written as tutorials with references for further reading.Book StructureThe book is organized into 20 chapters that cover the entire life cycle of a substation, from initial concept to end-of-life management:How a Substation Happens: Covers planning, budgeting, and site selection.Specialized Substation Types: Detailed sections on Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS), Air-Insulated Substations (AIS), and High-Voltage Power Electronic Substations.Core Design Elements: Chapters on high-voltage switching equipment, grounding, lightning shielding, and seismic considerations.Automation and Security: Covers substation integration, automation, and both physical and cyber security.Ancillary Systems: Includes oil containment, fire protection, and community considerations.Project Conclusion: Focuses on asset management, station commissioning, and project closeout.Key Subjects CoveredSubstation Design and Implementation: Includes technical details on bus configurations (single bus, ring bus, breaker-and-a-half), transformer connections, and site preparation.Switching Equipment: Provides in-depth analysis of disconnect switches, circuit breakers, and circuit switchers.Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS): Explains the use of sulfur hexafluoride gas for insulation, allowing for smaller, more reliable stations in space-constrained areas.Integration and Automation: Discusses the transition from traditional remote terminal units (RTUs) to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and data concentrators to optimize asset management.Security and Safety: Addresses physical security methods to prevent human intrusion and cyber security measures to protect control and diagnostic systems from remote attacks.Asset Management: Explores business-driven strategies for maximizing performance while managing risk and budgets.Industry StandardsThe majority of the chapter authors are members of the IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) Substations Committee. Consequently, the book incorporates the most recent technological developments and the industry standards that govern substation design and operation.

Transformer Handbook

Objective and PurposeThe primary objective of the handbook is to facilitate a physical understanding of the selection, ordering, operation, and maintenance of the entire range of power and distribution transformers. It serves as a guide based on ABB’s extensive knowledge and experience in the field.Target AudienceThe book is intended for personnel involved in various stages of a transformer's service life, including:Planners handling initial investment considerations.Operational staff responsible for installation, monitoring, and maintenance.End-of-life managers overseeing the disposal and scrapping of units.Structure and NavigationThe handbook is organized to follow the chronological life cycle of a transformer:Initial Considerations: Planning and design.Procurement: Information required for enquiries and ordering.Execution: Installation, commissioning, and operation.Sustainability: Maintenance and eventual disposal.Navigation is supported by a three-level table of contents and a detailed index. Each section is designed to be read independently for specific individual interests.Key Subjects CoveredThe handbook covers a vast array of technical and organizational topics, including:Transformer Types: Detailed descriptions of large, medium, and small distribution transformers (liquid-filled and dry-type), power transformers, generator step-up units, traction transformers, and various types of reactors (shunt, current-limiting, etc.).Technical Design: In-depth chapters on cores, windings, tanks, and components like bushings, coolers, and tap changers.Operational Fundamentals: Physics of transformers, voltage regulation, parallel operations, and overvoltage limitation.Testing and Quality: Routine, type, and special tests, as well as management systems (ISO 9001/14001) and safety precautions.Economic Analysis: A specialized section on Loss Capitalisation, providing formulas and methods to determine the optimum transformer design by balancing purchase price against operational energy costs.Standards: References and comparisons between widely applied international standards such as IEC, CENELEC, and ANSI/IEEE.

FATMAN BOOK

Overview and PurposeNature and Intent: Described as a "testament to the labor of love, effort, and collaboration," the book is the product of extensive discussions and the support of the "fellowship of PARMARians".Mission: Its core purpose is to transform the study of General Knowledge (GK) and General Studies (GS) into "a Journey, Not a Chore" and "a Challenge, Not a Burden". It aims to enrich the minds and strengthen the resolve of its readers, whom the author refers to as "fellow travelers".Subject CoverageThe book is a comprehensive guide covering a wide array of academic subjects, structured as follows:Geography: Covers the solar system, earth’s interior, plate tectonics, geomorphology, atmosphere, Indian geography (Himalayas, rivers, dams, monsoon, soil, agriculture), and world mapping.History: Divided into three major eras:Ancient: Stone Age, Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Age, Jainism, Buddhism, and various dynasties (Maurya, Gupta, etc.).Medieval: Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Marathas, and religious movements.Modern: Advent of Europeans, Revolt of 1857, Indian National Congress, and the Gandhian Era.Polity: Detailed sections on the making of the Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights, the Executive (President, PM), Parliament, and the Judiciary.ScienceBiology: Cells, tissues, kingdoms, human systems (nervous, digestive, etc.), and diseases.Physics: Laws of motion, gravitation, optics, and electricity.Chemistry: Matter, atoms, the periodic table, and chemical reactions.Economics: Basics of economy, national income, inflation, monetary policy, and five-year plans.Static GK: Covers classical and folk dances, musical instruments, census data, international/national organizations, festivals, and government schemes.Environment: Basics of environmental sciences, ecosystems, and international conventions.Key FeaturesVisual and Interactive Aids: The book uses numerous diagrams (e.g., layers of the sun, tectonic boundaries, soil horizons) to explain complex concepts.Interactive Recaps: Each major section concludes with "Parmar’s Crossword," designed to test the reader's knowledge of the preceding topics.Memory Aids: Includes "Tricks to Remember" for various lists, such as the countries the Prime Meridian passes through or the layers of earth’s discontinuity.Quick Facts: Frequent "Fact" boxes and "Gainer" sidebars provide additional high-yield information and interesting trivia.

The General Knowledge of India

The General Knowledge India, is a comprehensive reference guide designed for competitive exam preparation, such as for the UPSC, SSC, or banking sectors. Compiled by "Knowledge Gainers," it provides a snapshot of India’s political, geographical, and institutional landscape as of late 2015.Core Subject AreasThe book is organized into 34 distinct sections covering a wide range of topics:Political Structure: Lists of Indian States and Union Territories with their capitals, Chief Ministers, and Governors. It also details the portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers under Prime Minister Narendra Modi.National Heritage and Wildlife: Extensive tables listing National Parks, Tiger Reserves, Bird Sanctuaries, and UNESCO World Heritage Sites across various states.Infrastructure and Geography: Information on major rivers and dams, railway zones, national highways, major ports, and international airports.Scientific Research: Directories of famous research institutes, including those focused on nuclear and space research like ISRO and BARC.Constitutional and Legal Data: Details on the types of writs and the twelve schedules of the Indian Constitution.Economic and Industrial Info: Tables covering major mineral resources, agricultural seasons, iron and steel plants, aluminum companies, and a list of public sector banks with their taglines and headquarters.Historical and Statistical RecordsThe book serves as a historical record of Indian leadership and achievements:Leadership Chronology: Complete lists of the Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Finance Commission Chairmen of India up to 2015.Awards: A chronological list of Bharat Ratna winners from 1954 to 2015.Superlatives: A dedicated section for "Superlatives of India," identifying the longest rivers, highest dams, largest mosques, and other notable national records.Format and UtilityStructured Tables: Almost all information is presented in easy-to-read tables, making it an efficient tool for quick fact-checking and memorization.Current Affairs Focus: At the time of its creation, it included then-incumbent officials, such as President Pranab Mukherjee and RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan.

Guns and Thighs: The Story of My Life

In Guns and Thighs, the maverick filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma rips the mask off the glamorous world of Bollywood and Tollywood. In this brutally honest memoir, Varma opens up about his obsession with films, his "love affair" with Amitabh Bachchan, his "marriage" to the underworld, and the unconventional philosophy that drives his life and art. From the making of cult classics like Satya and Shiva to his controversial takes on life, this book is a raw, unfiltered look into the mind of one of India’s most enigmatic directors. Key Highlights: Behind the Scenes: Inside stories of working with stars like Sridevi, Nagarjuna, and Sanjay Dutt. Unconventional Wisdom: Varma’s unique perspective on success, failure, and the media. Cinematic Journey: The evolution of his gritty, realistic filmmaking style.

TURNING POINTS A JOURNEY THROUGH CHALLENGES

Turning Points continues the incredible saga of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, moving from his life as a scientist to his role as the "People's President." Unlike a traditional memoir, this book focuses on the major challenges and controversies he faced in office, offering a rare glimpse into the corridors of power. Dr. Kalam discusses pivotal events such as the 1998 nuclear tests, the Gujarat riots, and his decision not to seek a second term. Through these stories, he outlines a blueprint for India’s growth, emphasizing the use of technology (e-governance) and the power of youth to transform the nation. Key Themes: Vision 2020: A roadmap for transforming India into a developed nation. Leadership in Crisis: How to handle political and ethical dilemmas with integrity. E-Governance: Promoting technology to improve administration and connect with citizens. The Seven Turning Points: Personal reflections on the specific events that defined his life and career.

Wings of Fire

Wings of Fire is the extraordinary autobiography of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, chronicling his journey from a small boy in Rameswaram to the lead scientist of India's space and missile programs. In this book, Dr. Kalam shares his personal struggles, the lessons learned from his mentors, and the behind-the-scenes story of developing the Agni and Prithvi missiles. More than just a biography, it is a vision for India's future and a powerful reminder that with resilience and faith, ordinary people can achieve extraordinary things. Key Themes: Resilience: Overcoming failure and rejection to achieve success. Innovation: The birth of India's space (ISRO) and defense (DRDO) capabilities. Leadership: Lessons on leading teams and managing complex projects. Inspiration: Igniting the "fire" within to pursue your dreams.

The Mahabhartham

This is a comprehensive English translation or retelling of the epic. It features a detailed table of contents that breaks the story down into its traditional Parvas (books), starting from the Adi Parva (The Beginning) and continuing through key sections like the Sabha Parva (The Assembly Hall), Aranyaka Parva (The Forest), and the Bhagavad Gita Parva. Key Contents: It includes a map of Bharatavarsha (ancient India), a family tree, and covers major events such as Draupadi’s Svayamvara, the game of dice, and the Kurukshetra war, concluding with the Svargarohana Parva (Ascent to Heaven). It also appears to include the Harivamsha, a supplement to the main epic.

BHAGAVAD GETA

Discover the timeless wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita, one of the most revered spiritual texts in history. Set on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, this sacred dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna addresses the profound struggles of life, duty, and the human condition. Key Themes: Dharma (Duty): Understanding one's righteous path and responsibilities. Karma Yoga (Selfless Action): The art of acting without attachment to results. Bhakti Yoga (Devotion): The path of love and surrender to the Divine. Jnana Yoga (Knowledge): Realizing the distinction between the eternal soul (Atman) and the temporary body. Why Read This Book? Whether you are seeking spiritual growth, inner peace, or practical guidance for daily life, the Bhagavad Gita offers universal insights that transcend time and culture. It is an essential guide for anyone navigating moral dilemmas or seeking a deeper purpose in life. Ideal For: Spiritual seekers, students of philosophy, yoga practitioners, and anyone looking for inspiration and clarity.

BASICS OF EEE

Unlock the fundamentals of modern engineering with Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Designed for undergraduate students and enthusiasts alike, this comprehensive guide bridges the gap between core electrical concepts and modern electronic systems.

Ramayanam

Immerse yourself in the timeless epic of Lord Rama with this detailed Telugu narration of the Valmiki Ramayana. Organized into sequential readings (e.g., Day 1 to Day 39), this book covers every major phase of the saga, including the Balakanda, Ayodhyakanda, Aranyakanda, Kishkindhakanda, Sundarakanda, and Yuddhakanda. Readers will journey through Rama’s education, his marriage to Sita, the fourteen-year exile, the abduction of Sita by Ravana, and the epic battle that leads to the triumph of Dharma and Rama's Pattabhishekam. It is an excellent resource for daily spiritual reading and for those wishing to understand the depth of the Ramayana in Telugu.